William C. Carroll
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‘Strange intelligence’
Transformations of witchcraft in Macbeth discourse
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This chapter analyses how the Macbeth narrative first appeared (in terse accounts a few decades after the historical Macbeth’s death in 1057 CE) without any hint of witchcraft; accounts of Duncan’s death – in battle, not in a secret murder – emphasised his weakness as a king. The story gradually acquired witches and their prophecies through the imaginations of early Scottish chroniclers, especially in Hector Boece’s 1527 Historia Gentis Scotorum. After Shakespeare’s masterful representation of the ‘wayward sisters’ in Macbeth, the witches began to multiply in number, sing, and become semi-comic figures in Restoration adaptations (including a parody of them as early as 1674). Whatever their nature originally, the witches are now always connected to prophecy and dream.

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