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J. C. Bulman
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The search for justice
The Merchant of Venice in Mandatory Palestine (1936) and the Venetian Ghetto (2016)
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This chapter discusses two productions of The Merchant of Venice, performed in sites of significance for Jewish history, spirituality, and identity. Their immediate resonance was enhanced by mock trials purposing to restore justice denied in the play. Their historical contexts were both marked by surges in immigration, violence, and political radicalisation. The first one, in 1936, in Mandatory Palestine, was performed by the Habima Theatre, the future national theatre of Israel. It was directed by Leopold Jessner, a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany. The production provoked a media frenzy across ideological lines, prompting a Literary Trial by the Friends of Habima, to argue questions of Shakespeare’s anti-Semitism and Jessner’s approach to Shylock. The second production, in 2016, marked 400 years since Shakespeare’s death and 500 years since the establishment of the Venetian Ghetto. It was performed in the Campo del Ghetto Nuovo by Compagnia de’ Colombari, an international collective directed by Karin Coonrod. A parallel mock trial was part of the commemorative programme, with a team of top-ranking legal professionals, led by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. The 1936 trial found Shakespeare innocent of anti-Semitism, Habima courageous to present the play, and Jessner not guilty in conceiving a Shylock in the spirit of the time. In 2016, the trial declared Shylock innocent, ruled full redress of his losses, and penalised Portia for professional deceit, sending her to study law. Shakespeare’s problem comedy, it seems, keeps its interpreters both onstage and in the courtroom chasing after the elusive ideal of justice.

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Shakespeare in Performance

The Merchant of Venice

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