Pablo de Orellana
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The diplomacy of the Western Sahara conflict
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Though almost entirely unknown, the Western Sahara conflict helps understand modern diplomacy, particularly how it can unlock policy influence for smaller powers like Morocco. This chapter investigates the US policy shift from supporting Sahrawi self-determination to supporting Morocco’s unilateral conquest of the territory in the 2000s and the diplomatic text that is evidence of its development. As this conflict is not well-known and is in its fifth decade at the time of writing, the first section, below, combines a review of research on the conflict’s diplomacy with a summary of events 1975-present. The second section maps Moroccan, US and POLISARIO diplomatic knowledge production pathways. Thirdly, two individual diplomatic texts from each actor are examined in detail to determine how they constitute representations and identify topoi textual markers signposting their presence. The fourth section follows these topoi across thousands of texts, analysing how Moroccan diplomacy constituted and communicated these representations, tracing their development and entry into US diplomacy in the runup to the 2008 policy shift, and exploring POLISARIO’s own efforts. The final section summarises findings, discussing how despite the more visible threat of Terrorism, Morocco did not persuade US policymakers that POLISARIO was an Islamic Terrorist group but rather that it was terrorism-enabling due to North Africa’s ‘ungoverned spaces’, a representation that in turn depended on representing Morocco as democratic, stable and unradicalised, and consequently any Moroccan weakness as dangerous to US security and War on Terror.

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