Lisa Hopkins
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‘Balms and gums and heavy cheers’
Shakespeare’s poison gardens
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‘I learned in Naples how to poison flowers’, says Lightborn in Marlowe’s Edward II, and it is in an orchard that Old Hamlet is poisoned. This essay will explore the uses of plants in Shakespeare’s last plays in order to argue that we are invited to perceive them as both potentially beneficial and potentially harmful, and that The Winter’s Tale and Cymbeline in particular represent gardens which have become sources of poison because proper plant lore has been banished from Cymbeline’s England and Polixenes’s Bohemia in ways which are emblematic of the religious change which had befallen Shakespeare’s own England, where plant lore had traditionally been in the hands of monks. In Romeo and Juliet, there is a whole scene set in a garden during the course of which Friar Laurence offers a long meditation on plants (2.3.1–12, 19–20). The play’s floral imagery includes Lady Capulet’s figuring of Paris as a flower; herb paris is indeed a flower, and this chapter traces Shakespeare’s knowledge of it to the botanist and recusant Thomas Hesketh (1560–1613). Drawing on recent work suggesting that the early modern garden was a safe space for the cultivation of belief as well as of plants, the chapter argues that Perdita’s refusal to plant gillyflowers emblematises a climate of religious and horticultural uncertainty in which gardens, once places of healing, have now become potential sources of poison.

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Poison on the early modern English stage

Plants, paints and potions

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