Dee Anna Phares
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Poxy doxies and poison damsels
Venereal infection and the myth of the venomous woman in early modern literature
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During the early modern period, syphilis went by many names, but one of the most common was lues venera or ‘plague of Venus’, which suggests not simply an illness associated with sexual intercourse, but one linked with the female deity who embodies erotic love. In popular literature, and even in some medical tracts, the bodies of women were often presented as little more than delivery systems for poison. Owing in part to a lack of lexical fixity within medical literature, ‘poison’ was used to describe not only venoms and toxins, but infections and contagious pathogens as well. Mistrust and misunderstanding of female anatomy in the period contributed to the misapprehension that women were immune from venereal infection yet capable of transmitting the disease. In numerous texts from the early modern period, narratives about the pox are yoked with the long-established trope of the ‘venomous woman’ or poison damsel, which features a female body that is literally toxic and even sometimes intentionally infused with poison so that she may be used as both assassin and assassin’s weapon. Within the plays, female sexuality is portrayed as predatory, coercive, and deadly. However, in the syphilis-savoured poison-damsel dramas of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, critiques of the feminine extend beyond the realm of sexual excess and into the arena of social mobility. In these works, the erotic and the economic merge so that female desire itself is rendered toxic – and for those infected with this poison, there is no hope for palliation, only extermination.

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