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Yeats
‘Proud hard gift giving joyousness’
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Shortly after the publication of Man and Superman, Shaw was invited to contribute a play to the Irish National Dramatic Society by Yeats, who was in the first flush of his own life-long enchantment with Nietzsche. The coincidence is a telling one. Chapter 2 turns to Yeats and his newly founded theatre company to examine the ethos of a ‘proud hard gift giving joyousness’, which the poet and developing playwright derived from the German philosopher and placed in the service of a native cultural revival. Like Shaw, Yeats conceived the theatre as an arena where the conscience of a nation might be defined or redefined, but as he sought to impart his ideas of artistic value, cultural continuity, and noble generosity, he encountered an unreceptive audience that he came to refer as the ‘mob’ or ‘crowd’. His work as a playwright during the first decade of the century is best understood as a sustained attempt to appeal to the tastes and values of Irish theatre-goers without condoning what he viewed as their lower instincts. Throughout this period, Nietzsche’s writings were a constant companion and perhaps Yeats’s greatest resource, providing him with the means to reconceive the roles of both the individual artist and the dramatic arts in pursuing his communal project. As demonstrated by the multiplying drafts of his plays and his extensive correspondence with collaborators, Yeats strove persistently to realise a Nietzschean conception of generosity: beginning with his revisions to Where There Is Nothing and continuing through his composition of The King’s Threshold, he imagined heroes with a kind of haughty intensity, coupled with an overflowing fullness, who encounter audiences not yet ready to receive their messages. As he continued to read Nietzsche with great enthusiasm, Yeats went on to write – and repeatedly revise – two plays featuring the mythological hero, Cuchulain, as the exemplar of a renewed communal spirit, both proud and generous, hard and joyous. With the decade drawing to a close, however, he came to consider his efforts a failure, though the ambition remained to fashion a national conscience in the form of an aristocratic ethos suitable to his vision of the Irish people and their destiny.

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