Deborah Weiss
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Madness and Maria
The Wrongs of Woman and patriarchal control
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The chapter argues that Wollstonecraft reworks the inter-connected medical and sentimental models for women’s madness in order to expose the systems of male power that defined both health and disorder for women and that produced the states they pathologized. Although Wollstonecraft subscribed to the commonly held eighteenth-century belief that women of refinement were more susceptible than men and other women to mental afflictions, her novel demonstrates that husbands, with their legal rights and social privileges, inflict on women the injuries that cause melancholia and other nervous disorders. Wollstonecraft also identifies sentimental literature—particularly novels by Rousseau—as a potent avenue of male power that, by offering itself as an antidote to the repressions of marriage, entraps women in destructive romantic fantasies. Wollstonecraft’s protagonist, Maria Venables, is ensnared by her romantic imagination while imprisoned in a madhouse by her husband, which suggests that sentimental literature is as harmful to women as is the power the law gives to husbands. Wollstonecraft includes in her critique a restaging of the vignette of the love-mad maid that exposes how sentimental literature, in addition to producing distracting, destructive fantasies for women, also allows men to benefit morally from the harm they inflict. Wollstonecraft offers women some strategies for resistance in the form of life-writing and female friendship, but the novel’s lack of a conclusion makes it impossible to determine if Wollstonecraft believed women could escape from the linked, psychologically destructive forces of marriage, sentimental literature, and the romantic imagination.

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Women and madness in the early Romantic novel

Injured minds, ruined lives

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