Bikrum Gill
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The “reawakening of the South” within and against the capitalist world-ecology
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Chapter four accounts for the “rise of the South” in the contested reconstitution of the accumulation capacity of the capitalist world-ecology over the “long- twentieth century.” The chapter combines the “agrarian question of national liberation” framework developed by Sam Moyo and Paris Yeros, with Samir Amin’s account of the contradictions of what he terms the “reawakening of the South” (2010), in order to emphasize that the active anti-colonial opposition articulated to the motive forces of capitalist development figures centrally into both the exhaustion, and attempted reconstitution, of the ecological surplus underpinning capital’s accumulation capacity. The more radical dimensions of the anti-colonial rejection of the South as a “unit of nature” were, however, compromised, as postcolonial states, shaped by the imperative of securing their sovereignty in the face of an emergent ‘neocolonialism,’ embraced a conception of development as catching up with the North. This necessarily called for the appropriation of an “internal” ecological surplus oriented towards rapid national industrial development. In the case the chapter will examine most closely, the postcolonial Indian state, having failed at instituting comprehensive land reform, did not so much as contest the underlying racialized society/nature distinction as it did seek to re-order it in the service of what Fanon characterizes as bourgeois national development. A further argument of this chapter, then, is that the “long twentieth century” is marked by an ongoing North/South contestation over the imperialist rent that, more specifically, expresses control over the mobilization and circulation of the world-ecological surplus.

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The Political Ecology of Colonial Capitalism

Race, Nature, and Accumulation

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