Bonnie Evans
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Index
in The metamorphosis of autism
Chapter DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526110015.00018
Online Publication Date:
28 Mar 2017
Open Access (free)

Index

Abe, Tokuichiro 354
abuse 370–371
ADI see Autism Diagnostic Interview
ADOS see Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
adults with autism 314–315, 351, 361, 417
aetiology see causes of autism
Africa 341–343, 377–378, 380–381
age of onset 147–148, 169–170, 236, 315, 347
allowances (benefits) 251, 313
Amatruda, C. 109
amphetamine treatment 111
animal studies 117, 224, 400–401
Anthony, Elwyn James 149–151, 155, 156, 168–173, 178, 220, 301
anthropology 63, 124
AQ see Autism Spectrum Quotient
Asperger’s syndrome 302, 349, 363–364, 396, 416
attachment theory 24, 117, 224, 265–266
maternal deprivation 24, 115–118, 137, 170, 178, 233
theory challenged 197, 264, 266–267, 423
Auden, George Augustus 63
auditory perception 222–223, 225, 228, 230–231
Australia 366
autism
as a diagnostic category
meaning of psychological concept 4–5, 10–11, 23, 68, 83, 100, 302, 352, 395, 424–426, 432
1911–1960 definitions 41–45, 52, 72–74, 119
Kanner’s definition 112–114
1960s and 1970s definitions 203, 209, 237–240, 259–260
reversal in meaning 2, 10–11, 189–190, 237–238
1980s and 1990s definitions 345–348, 365
21st century definitions 402, 418–420
term in common use 202, 372
origins of psychological concept 10, 41–43
in relation to intelligence 15, 52, 93, 175, 218–226, 277, 313–314, 356, 360, 392, 396, 431
advantages of 202, 255, 259
autistic features 282–284
autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) 363, 365
diagnostic instruments/scales 298–299, 355–360, 367, 379, 396
DSM see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
increase in frequency of 2–6, 315, 362–368, 369, 371, 430–431
international consensus 344–349, 352
Lotter’s criteria 214–216
nine points (Creak, 1961) 200–201
in relation to Asperger’s syndrome 363–364
Wing’s triad of impairments 276, 296–301, 348, 376, 417
see also autistic spectrum; childhood psychosis; childhood schizophrenia; ‘mental deficiency’; pervasive developmental disorders; primary narcissism
Autism Act (2009) 1, 14, 382, 416, 421
Autism Diagnostic Interview 356–358, 359–360, 396
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 358–360, 367, 396
Autism Europe 351–352, 369, 370–371, 372, 373
Autism Speaks 375–376, 401
Autism Spectrum Quotient 395
autistic features 282–284, 311–312
autistic spectrum 348, 363, 402
early conceptualisation as ‘continuum’ 301–302
autoerotism 42, 43, 100
autonomy 15, 193, 226
and the Children’s Act 1989 (1991) 323, 324, 326
Baird, Gillian 366
Bakare, Muideen O. 377–378, 381
Baron-Cohen, Simon 316, 362
diagnostic instruments devised by 367, 395
on the extreme male brain 396
on prevalence 1–2, 366, 379
on theory of mind 317–320, 426
barrier hypothesis 169–170
Bartak, Lawrence 254, 273
Bartolucci, Giampiero 273
Bateson, Gregory 124
Bayonas, Isabel 373–374
behaviourism 95, 149, 305
Tinbergen on 306
treatment based on 207–208
Beisler, Jean M. 291
Benda, Clemens 148, 175
Bender, Lauretta 108–109, 111, 208
benefits (allowances) 251, 313
Benner, P. 200
Bergman, M. 148
Beveridge Report (1942) 108
Bick, Esther 117
biochemistry 390–391
neurotransmitters 399
screening tests 156, 231–232, 394
testosterone 396
vaccines 3, 384–387, 388
Birch, Herbert 220
Bleuler, Eugen 10, 41–43
Bolton, Patrick 362, 392, 393
Boston Higashi School 374–375
Bowlby, John 19, 94
Bowlbyism 24, 115–118, 137, 170, 178, 233
theory challenged 197, 264, 266–267, 423
Braddock, Bessie 193
Bradley, Charles 111
Brain, Sir Russell 193, 275
Brazil 349, 379–380
Brierley, Marjorie 105–106
British Journal of Delinquency 174
British Psychoanalytical Society 50, 96–97
British Psychological Society (BPS) 37, 69, 204, 256
Brown, M. J. 282
Bryson, Susan 353
Burt, Cyril
on ‘backward’ children 18–19, 47
career 40, 46
on instinct theory 96, 97–100, 423
on intelligence 16, 39, 47, 79
Cameron, Kenneth 142, 145, 149, 150–151, 163, 200
Canada 353, 366
care orders 250
Carr, William Compton 192–193, 209
‘Case Con’ 309
Cashmore, Alan 143
cause and effect 320–321
causes of autism 387–389
genetic studies of 391–395, 396
early studies 175–177
molecular 388, 397–402, 429–430
multifactorial 170, 276
maternal deprivation 24, 115–118, 137, 170, 178, 233
theory criticised 197, 264, 266–267, 423
stress of modern life 306, 350
vaccines 3, 384–387, 388
central coherence 395
CHAT see Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
Chataway, Christopher 209–210
Checklist for Autism in Toddlers 367, 396
child development theories 13–15, 18–20, 420–433
19th & early 20th century 34–40
Freud 42, 43, 106
1920s & 1930s 44–45, 52–55, 59–60
1930s & 1940s 94–108
1950s 140, 178–180
Anthony 170, 171–172
1960s & 1970s 220, 226–227, 264–269, 286
1980s 320–321
1990s to present day 381, 395
limited research on ‘mentally defective’ subjects 18–19, 33, 47, 75–84
see also attachment theory; instinct theory; psychoanalytic theory; social development
child guidance clinics 19, 49–50, 78, 93, 141
childhood psychosis
Anthony on 168–173
Cameron on 145
Klein and the Kleinians on 54–56, 102
legal position in the 1950s 140–143
at the Maudsley 142–143, 150–168
Norman on 122
terminology 52, 55, 70, 72, 125
childhood schizophrenia
compared with ‘mental deficiency’ 82, 146–149, 174–175
Creak on 72–74, 126
diagnostic tests 159–160
in the DSM
DSM-I 144
DSM-III (omitted) 345
Klein and the Kleinians on 54–56, 121–123
legal position in the 1950s 140–143
treatment 111–112, 121–122, 162–165, 430
in the USA 108–114, 149, 430
child psychiatry 21, 23, 68–74, 141–142, 235, 308, 312
Children Act (1908) 34
Children Act (1948) 116, 137, 194
Children Act 1989 (1991) 323–324, 326, 327
Children and Families Act (2014) 415, 416
Children and Young Persons Act (1969) 250
Children’s Handicaps, Behaviour and Skills (HBS) schedule 298–299
children’s rights 5, 14–15, 22, 415–416
19th & early 20th century 34–35
1948 Children Act 116, 137
1960s 191–192, 202–203, 218
1980s 321–328
21st century 415, 419
internationally 340, 380–381
Children of the Stars (documentary) 379
China 366, 377, 379
Chomsky, Noam 270–271
Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (1970) 251
Cialdella, P. 353
Clarke, A. D. B. 177
Claude, Henri 43
Clinkard, H. E. 198–199
Cloake, Philip 71
Code of Good Practice on Prevention of Violence against Persons with Autism 370–371
cognitive disorder of autism 220, 230–231, 395
and language 270–275
social impairment 25, 287, 291–305, 395
conditioning 95, 207
Condon, William 287
convulsive therapy 111–112, 208
Cox, Anthony 273
Creak, Mildred 70–71, 72–74, 126, 129n.3, 147, 200
criminal behaviour 61–62, 174, 250, 268
Critical Autism Network 417–418
cultural diversity 341–343
Daily Life Therapy 374
De Jong, H. H. 69
dementia praecox (term applied to children) 55, 70
see also childhood schizophrenia
Denmark 343, 366
depression 103, 163
deprivation 262–264, 265, 267
see also maternal deprivation
de Sanctis, Sante 70
Desorgher, Sandra and Max 388
developing countries 341–343, 349–350, 373–374, 377–381, 382–383
developmental delay (as diagnostic category) 389
diagnostic bracket creep 355
in psychiatry generally 21, 144, 355
Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders 360
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM-I 144
DSM-III 275, 344–348
DSM-III-R 348
DSM-IV 364, 365
DSM-V 416–417
Dickson, John Thompson 36
disability rights 369, 370–373
see also children’s rights
DISCO see Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders
Doll, Edgar A. 158
dopamine 399
Down, John Langdon 35
Down’s syndrome 290, 299
draw a man test 160
Drever, James 99
Drillien, Cecil M. 276
drug treatments 111, 136, 208
DSM see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Dwork, Deborah 11
Earl, C. J. 81–82
Edgell, Beatrice 59
Education Act (1944) 140–141, 199, 205–206
Education Act (1981) (1983) 307, 310–312
Educational Guidance Centre (Brixton, London) 258, 341
‘educationally subnormal’ 253, 307
educational psychologists 256–259, 310
Education (Handicapped Children) Act (1970) 16, 252
Education, Health and Care Plans 415
education policy
19th and early 20th century 34
1920s and 1930s 62
1940s and 1950s 140–141
1960s 199, 205–206, 209–210, 416
1970s 251–254, 258–259, 261
1980s 307, 310–313
1990s to present day 415, 428
progressive/permissive schools 51, 165–166, 254
special schools 45–47, 165, 167, 205–206, 252, 254
EEG see electroencephalography
egocentrism 52, 104, 162, 171–172, 318–319
Eickhoff, Louise 121–122, 148–149
electroconvulsive therapy 111–112, 208
electroencephalography 156, 270
Elementary Education (Defective and Epileptic Children) Act (1914) 46
Ellis, Lucy 282
Emerson, Peggy 265–266
employment law 372–373
encapsulated secondary autism 234
encephalitis lethargica 71
environmental causes 306, 388–389
epidemiological data (prevalence)
1960s 212, 216
1970s 310, 343
1980s 353–354
1990s 364, 365–366
21st century 366, 377, 379
Asperger’s syndrome 363–364
increasing 2–6, 315, 362–368, 369, 371, 430
lack of data following 1959 Act 198–200
epidemiological studies 11, 211, 255, 305, 390, 424
control groups 290–291
fail to support Wakefield’s claims 386–387
international 341–343, 349–350, 352–354, 365–366, 377–380, 383–384
Lotter 214–218, 341–343
Rutter and Tizard 212–214, 260–262
Wing and Gould 297–301, 310
eugenics 35, 37, 38–39, 47, 75, 94
Europe 351–352, 369
see also Autism Europe; individual countries
evacuation, war-time 94, 116
evolutionary theory 36, 83
Ewing, Alexander 78
extreme male brain 396–397
Eyal, Gil 2, 389
Eysenck, Hans 138–139
factor analysis 98–99
false belief tasks 317, 318–319
families
breakdown of 93–94, 267
genetic studies 391, 392–393
see also parents
family law 322–327
see also children’s rights
fantasy, infantile 10–11, 42, 237–238, 280
see also phantasy, infantile
‘feeble-minded’ 46, 75, 194
feeding difficulties 101
Ferster, Charles 207
Festival of Youth (1937) 92–93
Feversham Report (1939) 93
fiction, autism in 1, 360
Fildes, Lucy 76–77, 78
First World War 48, 70
5-HTT (serotonin transporter) 398–399
Flavell, John 286
folate 388
Folstein, Susan 391
Forrester, John 8–9
Fortes, Meyer 79
Foubert, André 370
Fox, Evelyn 50
fragile X syndrome 394
Framework for Communication programme 375
France 69, 353
Freeman, Walter 111
Freud, Anna 97, 103, 104, 105–106, 123, 178
Freud, Sigmund 42, 43, 96, 106
Friedlander, Kate 103
Frith, Chris 429
Frith, Uta 228–230, 306, 316–320, 360, 395
Fuentes, Joaquin 373
Galton, Francis 38–39, 423
Gardner, Dorothy 126–127
Gardner, George 149
gender differences 396–397
Gerland, Gunilla 370
Geschwind, Daniel 402
Gesell, Arnold 19, 57, 58, 109, 118
Gillberg, Christopher 352–353, 354, 363–364, 393, 394, 402
Glover, Edward 56, 61–62, 103–104, 120–121, 174
Goddard, Henry H. 57, 158
Goldfarb, William 170, 220
Gomes, Paulyane 380
Goodenough (draw a man) test 160
‘good enough mother’ 120, 128
Gould, Judith 297–301
governmentality 7–8, 138
government policy/legislation 14–15, 16, 17–18, 22, 25
19th and early 20th century 11, 34–35, 45–48
1920s and 1930s 12, 75–76
1940s and 1950s 108, 114–116, 137, 140–143, 167–168
1960s and 1970s 192–200, 205–206, 209–210, 218, 248–251
1980s 306–315, 321–328
1990s to present day 381–382, 415, 416
Graham, Philip 308
Grey Walter, W. 270
Guhathakurta, Sabhrangshu 399
Habermas, Jürgen 288
Hacking, Ian 8, 14, 27n.18
Hadow Committee 62
hallucinations/hallucinatory thought
Bleuler and Freud on 10, 43–44, 52
Kleinians on 53, 56–57
Rorschach on 159
theories abandoned 235–238, 279–280
Handicapped Pupils and School Health Regulations (1945) 141
Happé, Francesca 362, 395
Harlow, Harry 224
Hayes, R. A. 228
Hazlitt, Victoria 59
HBS schedule 298–299
Head, Henry 108
hearing (auditory perception) 222–223, 225, 228, 230–231
Heimann, Paula 101, 106–107
Held, Richard 227–228
Hendrick, Harry 11–12
Herd, Henry 79
Hermelin, Beate 177, 219–224, 228–230, 290
Heuyer, Georges 69
Hilliard, L. T. 175, 176
Hirschberg, J. Cotter 110
Hubley, Penelope 288
human relations (Tavistock) model 20, 117, 128–129, 136–138, 139, 192
critiques of 145, 234, 239, 264, 303–304, 320
see also Bowlby, John; Isaacs, Susan; Klein, Melanie; Winnicott, Donald
human rights 340, 351, 369, 370–373
see also children’s rights
Husserl, Edmund 288
ICD see International Classification of Diseases
Iceland 365
‘idiocy’/‘idiots’ 35–36, 46, 75, 194
Imagining Autism project 418
‘imbeciles’ 46, 75, 177, 194
imperialism 92–93, 190–191
India 349–350, 373, 380, 399
industrial psychology 128, 137–138
‘ineducability’ 46–47, 75, 194, 210
Ingram, T. T. S. 275
Inhelder, Bärbel 286
inkblot (Rorschach) test 159
‘in need of care and protection’ 114, 197, 340
instinct theory 62–68, 179
contrasted to behaviourism 94–100, 149
controversial discussions (Klein and Freud) 97, 100–108, 123
social instinct 37–38, 67
Institute of Child Psychology 51
Institute of Psychiatry 13, 141–142
Occupational Psychiatry Research Unit 146–147, 174, 212, 225–226
institutionalisation
of children generally 116
of ‘mentally defective’ children 12
compulsory 36, 46–47, 75–76, 80–81, 193–194, 196
discretionary 167–168, 196–197
ending of the practice 12, 136, 167, 194–196, 257
psychological problems caused by 118, 204–205, 267, 419
see also special schools
insulin coma treatment 111, 163
integration into mainstream schools 311–312
intelligence tests 15, 16–17, 39–40, 47, 79–80, 158, 218–219
shortcomings 220, 225–226
International Classification of Diseases
1st edition 144
6th edition 344
10th edition 348–349
internet use 3, 374, 386
intersubjectivity 286–289
In Whose Best Interests? (MIND/Cobden Trust) 324
Ireland 381
Isaacs, Susan
on behaviourism 95
career 50, 60
on childhood schizophrenia/psychosis 56, 102
on infantile phantasies 64, 101–102, 105
on regression 106
on social development 18, 53, 58–59, 60–61, 62, 65, 66
Isaksen, Jørn 367
Jackson, Lydia 125
Janet, Pierre 42
Japan 343, 354, 365, 366
Jordan, Rita 369
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (formerly Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia) 269–270, 284–285
Jung, Carl 139
juvenile delinquency 61–62, 174, 250, 268
Kanner, Leo 41, 70, 112–114, 148, 177
Kirman, Brian 175–177, 232
Klein, Melanie 50–51, 53–56, 64, 121
controversial discussions 97, 100–108, 123, 266
Koffka, Kurt 58
Kolvin, Israel 236–238
König, Karl 165
Kraepelin, Emil 69, 147
Kramer, Peter 355
Kramer, Yale 159
Kushlik, Albert 193, 255
Laing, R. D. 136–137
language
disorders in children 161–162, 222–223, 229–230, 272–275, 277–278, 283
measurement of ability 273, 291
speech therapy 207, 259, 278, 369
theories of development of 270–272, 287–288
Latin America 349, 373–374, 379–380
Lay, R. A. Q. 74
‘learning difficulties’ 307
learning theory 95, 207
Le Couteur, Ann 356
legal situation see government policy/legislation
Leonard, Helen 367
Leslie, Alan 316, 317–321
Levitt, Pat 402
Lewis, Aubrey 138, 174
Li, Ning 377
liberalism 190–191, 226, 295, 363
Light, Paul 427
lobotomy 111
Local Authority Social Service Act (1970) 249–250, 255–256
Local Government Act (1929) 49, 71
Lord, Catherine 356
Lotter, Victor 211, 214–218, 235, 341–343
Lovaas, I. O. 208
Lowenfeld, Margaret 50–51, 64–65, 66, 124, 159–160
LSD treatment 208
magical thought 44
Mahler, Margaret 110
‘maladjustment’ 93, 141, 144–145, 192, 253
males 396
Mamelle, M. 353
Marks, Lara 11
Martin, J. A. M. 230, 278
maternal deprivation 24, 115–118, 137, 170, 178, 233
theory challenged 197, 264, 266–267, 423
mathematical skill 395
Maudsley Hospital
1920s and 1930s 49, 68–69, 70–73, 111
1950s (Child Psychotic Clinic) 138–139, 142–143, 150–168
1960s 207, 211–218, 231–233
1970s 277–282
1980s 303–304
discharge procedures 165–168
observational studies 150–155, 278–279
psychology of industrial relations 138
referrals to 49, 71–72, 143, 277
testing regimes 138–139, 156–162, 231–232, 277
treatment regimes 111, 162–165, 207
see also Institute of Psychiatry
McDougall, William 37–38, 39, 96
Mead, Margaret 63, 124
measurement systems see tests
media coverage 118, 119, 218, 231, 360–362, 379
vaccine controversy 386
Meldrum, Bill 370
‘mental deficiency’ 12
definitions 33, 35–36, 46
term abandoned 194
distinct from mental illness 36, 49–50, 82, 146–149, 174–175
genetic and/or congenital causes 175–177
institutionalisation 46–47, 75–76, 80–81, 167–168, 193–194
legislation 14, 45–47, 75, 116, 141, 167–168, 194
research 174
absence of 18–19, 75–84, 107–108, 128–129, 173
Mental Deficiency Act (1913) 14, 45–47, 167–168
Mental Health Act (1959) 190, 191, 194–196, 422
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 288
metabolic disorders 232
methodology used in this book 6–9
Middle East 350, 378
mirror neurons 426–428
Mittler, Peter 225
MMR vaccine 3, 384–387
Moncrieff, Alan 126–127
Montessori, Maria 226
Moreno-De-Luca, D. 401
Morgan, Conwy Lloyd 95
Morgenstern, Sophie 69
Morton, John 316, 360
mothers
‘good enough’ 120, 128
Klein’s views 55
maternal deprivation 24, 115–118, 137, 170, 178, 233
theory challenged 197, 264, 266–267, 423
‘place is in the home’ 115–116, 137
working 265, 372–373
Mott, Frederick 69
mouse model of autism 400–401
MRC Developmental Psychology Unit (later Cognitive Development Unit) 228, 316, 320
MRC Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Committee 213
MRC Unit for Research in Occupational Adaptation (later Social Psychiatry Research Unit) 146–147, 174, 212, 225–226
Murray, Stuart 3, 360
Nadesan, Madjia 3
NAS see Society for Autistic Children
National Health Service, establishment 108, 115
National Insurance Acts (1970 and 1971) 251
neoliberalism 325, 339–340, 432
neurodevelopmental disorders 275–276, 347, 365
neurodiversity movement 417–418, 419, 432, 433n.3
neurotransmitters 399
Newson, John and Elizabeth 268–269, 286–287, 289, 304, 309, 313–314, 314–315
Nigeria 342, 377–378, 381
Norman, Elizabeth 122–123
nurses in the Maudsley clinic 151–154
object relations theory 117, 120, 128
Occupational Psychiatry Research Unit (later Social Psychiatry Research Unit) 146–147, 174, 212, 225–226
occupational therapy 164–165
O’Connor, Neil 174, 214, 219–224, 228, 290
Oedipus complex 53
Oftedal, Dagny 164
O’Gorman, Gerald 147
operant conditioning 207
Ornitz, Edward 231
parents
advocacy
on causes of autism 388
for research 375–376, 389, 401
see also Society for Autistic Children
and care decisions
challenging 166–167, 199, 202, 314, 324, 325
responsible for 167–168, 196–197, 202
employment rights 372–373
see also mothers
Pasamanick, Ben 212
Pavitt, Lawrence 252
Pearson, Karl 38
Penrose, Lionel 79, 175–176
Percy Report (1957) 193, 194
personality tests 138–139, 175, 211
pervasive developmental disorders 345–346, 347–348, 364–365
phantasy, infantile
Glover on 120–121
Kleinians on 53–56, 64–67, 101–102, 130n.23
Rorschach test 159
theories abandoned 233–238, 278–279
phenotypical model of autism 392, 396–397, 403
Piaget, Jean 19, 41, 44–45, 53, 59–60, 156, 180, 286
on egocentricity 52, 162, 319
on language development 271–272
Pick, Herbert 227
play
Kleinians on 54, 65–66, 102, 105
symbolic 280, 289–290
play therapy 374–375
Plowden Report (1967) 271
poverty 262–264, 265, 267
Power, Michael 262–263
preschool children
learning goals 428
screening 307–308, 367, 396
prevalence see epidemiological data (prevalence)
Price, G. P. 314
primary narcissism 43, 54, 100, 171, 419
progressive/permissive schools 51, 165–166, 254
propfschizophrenia 147
psychiatry (child psychiatry) 21, 23, 68–74, 141–142, 235, 308, 312
psychoanalytic theory 5, 61–62, 119–129, 417, 425
psycho-dynamics 99
psychological tests see tests
‘psychopathic disorder’ 194
psychosis see childhood psychosis
psychotherapy 106, 163–164, 206, 370
Quirk Report (1972) 259
Rain Man (film) 360
Rappoport, Judith 418
refusal of treatment 324
regression 106
Reichow, Brian 382–383
Renshaw, Samuel 227
research
importance of British research in history of autism 4, 9–13, 19–20, 22–23, 26, 349
not done using ‘mentally deficient’ children 18–19, 75–84, 107–108, 128–129, 173
parent advocacy 375–376, 389, 401
see also epidemiological studies
residential care see institutionalisation
Richards, B. W. 147–148
Richards, Martin 427
Rickman, John 150
Rimland, Bernard 202, 305
Romanian orphans 419
Romberg test 159
Rorschach (inkblot) test 159
Rose, Nikolas 7, 20, 36, 61, 128, 138, 339, 420–421
Royal College of Psychiatrists 312
Rudolph Steiner schools 165–166, 254
Rutter, Michael
on autism and adult schizophrenia 23
on autistic adults 314
on deficiency of fantasy 237–238, 280
on deprivation 262, 267
on diagnosis 281–283, 355–356
in the DSM 344, 345, 347, 419–420
on education methods 254
epidemiological studies 213–214, 260–261
on genetics 391, 392–393, 393–394
as a journal editor 269–270, 284–285
on language and cognitive defects 270, 272–273, 278
at the Maudsley Hospital 212, 277
on quasi-autism in Romanian orphans 419
on social development 266–268, 432
SAC see Society for Autistic Children
Sally–Anne test 318–319
Sander, Louis 287
sand trays 160
Sanua, Victor 349–350
Scattoni, Maria Luisa 400
Schaffer, Rudolf 265–266
Schilder, Paul 108–109
schizophrenia, adult 69, 124
Bleuler on 10, 42
at the Maudsley 146–147, 297
relationship with autism 235, 302, 345, 418
treatment 136
see also childhood schizophrenia
Schopler, Eric 284, 356, 375
Scotland 46, 196, 249
Scott, Clifford 163
Searle, Nina 66
Second World War 92–94, 108, 111, 116
Seebohm Report (1968) 249–250, 308
Segal, Stanley 206
sense perception
in child development 226–228
defective in autism 228–231, 233
Fildes on 77–78
Hermelin and Frith on 228–230
Hermelin and O’Connor on 219–224
Tustin on 234
Wing, J. on 225
Wing, L. on 291–293
serotonin (5-HT) transporter 398
‘severely subnormal’ 194, 252
sex differences 396–397
Shattuck, Paul 2, 389
Sherlock, Edward Birchall 80
Shrubsall, F. C. 71
sight (visual perception) 220, 222, 225, 227, 229
Simmons, Vivienne 310
social brain 426, 429
social deprivation 262–264, 265, 267
social development 420–433
1900 to 1960 37–40, 48, 51–68, 83–84
1960s and 1970s 265–269
Frith et al. on 319–320
impaired 25, 287, 291–305, 395
measurement scales 57–59, 158–159, 298–299, 304–305, 355–360
Newsons on 286–287
Lorna Wing on 293–294
social empathy 304
social exclusion see institutionalisation
social instinct 37–38, 67, 96
see also instinct theory
Social Psychiatry Research Unit (formerly Occupational Psychiatry Research Unit) 146–147, 174, 212, 225–226
Social Security Act (1975) 251
social workers, psychiatric 117–118, 137, 249
social work services 25, 248–250, 308–309, 314, 322
Society for Autistic Children 201–202, 205–207, 208–209, 255
National Autistic Society 252, 309, 366, 374
sociology
in the 1970s 264–269
hierarchical views of society 37, 75, 94, 135–136
liberalism 190–191, 226, 295, 363
neoliberalism 325, 339–340, 432
Son Rise programme 375
South Africa 373
South America 349, 373–374, 379–380
Soviet Union 220
special schools
1900–1930 45–47
1950s 165, 167
1960s/1970s 205–206, 252, 254
see also progressive/permissive schools
speech see language
SPELL programme 375
statementing 310–311, 382, 415
statistical analysis 8–9, 126–127, 211
Burt’s factorial analysis 98–100
of delinquency 173–174
in eugenics 38–39
see also epidemiological studies
styles of reasoning 6, 8–9, 17
‘subnormal’ 194, 196, 253
Sugiyama, Toshiro 354
Summerfield Report (1968) 256–257
Sweden 352–353, 354
symbolic thought
lacking in autism 10–11, 272, 280, 290
Piaget on 44, 286
symbolic play 280, 289–290
tactile perception 222, 226–227
Tavistock Clinic 49, 117–118, 127, 136, 139
Tavistock model of human relations 20, 117, 128–129, 136–138, 139, 192
critiques of 145, 234, 239, 264, 303–304, 320
see also Bowlby, John; Isaacs, Susan; Klein, Melanie; Winnicott, Donald
TEACCH programme 375
testosterone 396
tests 431
ADI and ADOS 355–360, 367, 379, 396
AQ 395
biochemical/physiological 156, 221, 231–232, 394
CHAT 367
HBS schedule 298–299
intelligence 15, 16–17, 39–40, 47, 79–80, 158, 218–219
shortcomings 220, 225–226
language ability 273, 291
at the Maudsley hospital 138–139, 156–162, 231–232, 277
personality tests 138–139, 175, 211
sense perception 220–223
social development scales 57–59, 158–159, 298–299, 304–305
theory of mind 318–319
Thatcher, Margaret 261, 325, 339
theory of mind 162, 317–320, 365, 419, 426
Thorndike, E. L. 95, 99
three mountains test 162, 318
Tinbergen, Nikolas 306, 350
Titmuss, Richard 249
Tizard, Barbara 267
Tizard, Jack 174, 178, 196–197, 204–205, 210, 432
epidemiological studies 212, 213–214
touch perception 222, 226–227
training 382
child psychiatrists 70, 308, 341
educational psychologists 256–257
psychiatric social workers 117–118
social workers 249, 309
teachers 206–207, 218
trainspotters 361
transference 105
treatment
behaviourist methods 207–208
convulsive therapy 111–112, 208
in developing countries 382–383
drug treatments 111, 136, 208
educational methods
1960s and 1970s 206–207, 254–255, 308
1990s to present day 369–370, 374–375, 382–383
insulin coma/shock 111, 163
lobotomy 111
LSD 208
occupational therapy 164–165
for older individuals 315
physiotherapy 121–122
of preschool children 308
psychotherapy 163–164, 206, 370
Tredgold, Alfred Frank 176–177
Trevarthen, Colwyn 287–288
triad of impairments
Anthony on 168–169
in mice 400
Rutter on 281–283
Lorna Wing’s version 276, 296–301, 348, 376, 417
Tsai, Luke Y. 291
Tustin, Frances 233–234
twin studies 391, 393
unconscious mind 5, 427
see also instinct theory
Underwood Report (1955) 145, 213
United Nations (UN)
on autism awareness 376
on human rights 340, 351
USA
behaviourism 95, 149
childhood schizophrenia 108–114, 149, 430
‘developmental disorders’ 275
‘mental deficiency’ and schizophrenia 148–149, 175
parental advocacy 202, 375–376
prevalence of autism 343, 366
social development tests (1920s/1930s) 57–58, 158–159
treatment methods 111–112, 207–208, 374–375
vaccines 3, 384–387, 388
Valentine, C. W. 63
Venables, Peter 146–147, 221, 350
Vernon, Phillip 99
video use 287–288, 359
Vineland Social Maturity Test 57, 158–159
visual perception 220, 222, 225, 227, 229
Vivanti, Donatta 370
Wakefield, Andrew 384–386
WAO see World Autism Organization
Warnock Report (1978) 261, 307, 310
Warren, Wilfred 235
Waterhouse, Lynn 387
Watson, John Broadus 95
Wazana, Ashley 367
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 158
whirling test 109, 159
Whitmore, Kingsley 199, 213, 275
WHO see World Health Organization
Williams, Christopher 370
Wilson, Mary 263–264
Wiltshire, Stephen 361
Wing, John 202–204, 206, 211, 225, 263, 297
Wing, Lorna 202
on Asperger’s syndrome 302
and DSM-III definition of autism 346–347, 348
on education 202–204, 206, 210
on prevalence 3, 297–301, 310, 363
public engagement 231
on social impairment 291–304, 360
on symbolic play 289–290
on triad of impairments 276, 296–301, 348
Winnicott, Donald 50, 118, 119–120, 123, 137, 145, 233
WISC see Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Wöhr, Marcus 400
Wolkind, Steven 267
women
increased rights in 1960s 191, 196
‘place is in the home’ 115–116, 137
as professional psychologists 51, 59, 67
see also mothers
Wood Report (1929) 75, 82
Woolf, Peter H. 287
World Autism Awareness Day 376
World Autism Organisation 370, 373–374
World Health Organization 136, 264, 350
World War I 48, 70
World War II 92–94, 108, 111, 116
Wright, Suzanne 376
Wulffsberg, Hans 373
Yerkes, Robert 95
Young, Sir George 309
Yudkin, Simon 265
Zaporozhets, A. V. 220, 227
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The metamorphosis of autism

A history of child development in Britain

eISBN:
9781526110015
Publisher:
Manchester University Press
Cover The metamorphosis of autism
Subjects:
History
Page Count:
15
Publisher:
Manchester University Press

Series: Social Histories of Medicine

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Cover Framing the moron

Framing the moron

The social construction of feeble-mindedness in the American eugenic era

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Publication History:

Online Publication Date:
01 Nov 2015
Subjects:
  1. History
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Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900–30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists.

This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are utilized to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.
Cover Churchyard and cemetery

Churchyard and cemetery

Tradition and modernity in rural North Yorkshire

Author:
Julie Rugg

Book

Publication History:

Online Publication Date:
01 Nov 2015
Subjects:
  1. History
Available In:
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This book reviews the burial history of central North Yorkshire. In exploring the social history of burial in rural areas, the book aims to encompass some of the principles underpinning 'l'histoire des mentalites'. The book considers the issue of churchyard closure. Churchyard closure generally signalled that burial space was made available elsewhere, and in most cases before 1894 this meant that the churchyard itself had been extended. The book reviews the incidence of churchyard extension, which was commonplace during the nineteenth century. The Burial Acts introduced legislation that permitted vestries to establish burial boards, which could raise loans repayable through the rates to fund the laying out of new cemeteries. In central North Riding, a total of eighteen burial boards were in operation before 1894, and the book reviews in detail the operation of the ten largest boards in that group. The Burial Acts maintained and even strengthened the hold of the Church of England on burial space, by substantially increasing the amount of consecrated land under its control. The book also addresses the contention that the new legislative context for burial in the twentieth century might then introduce the opportunity for a substantial centralisation of burial provision. Finally, the book reviews the pattern of burial provision in 2007 compared with 1850, and concludes that there is evidence of both continuity and change.
Cover Church polity and politics in the British Atlantic world, c. 1635–66

Church polity and politics in the British Atlantic world, c. 1635–66

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Online Publication Date:
07 Jan 2020
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  1. History
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The debate on the polity of the church was at the centre of the religious debates in the British Atlantic world during the middle decades of the seventeenth-century. From the Covenanter revolution in Scotland, to the congregationalism of the New England colonies, to the protracted debates of the Westminster assembly, and the abolition of the centuries-old episcopalian structure of the Church of England, the issue of the polity of the church was intertwined with the political questions of the period. This book collects together essays focusing on the conjunction of church polity and politics in the middle years of the seventeenth century. A number of chapters in the volume address the questions and conflicts arising out of the period’s reopening and rethinking of the Reformation settlement of church and state. In addition, the interplay between the localities and the various Westminster administrations of the era are explored in a number of chapters. Beyond these discussions, chapters in the volume explore the deeper ecclesiological thinking of the period, examining the nature of the polity of the church and its relationship to society at large. The book also covers the issues of liberty of conscience and how religious suffering contributed to a sense of what the true church was in the midst of revolutionary political upheaval. This volume asserts the fundamental connection between church polity and politics in the revolutions that affected the seventeenth-century British Atlantic world.