Stefano Locatelli
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in The Florentine florin
Chapter DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526158147.00018
Online Publication Date:
18 Mar 2025
Open Access (free)

Index

Note: ‘n.’ after a page reference indicates the number of a note on that page

1252 as key year 4–5, 13, 35, 50, 63, 83–4
abacus manuals 39–40
Abulafia, David 74n.97, 116n.34
account books 18, 48, 91, 102, 132
Achaia 140, 152
Acre 14–15, 55, 93–4, 140
‘ad rationem’ 97–8
African gold mines 43–4
Albania 139, 152
Alberese hoard 14–15
Alberto da Parma 128
Alberto son of Ubertino 92
Albizzi family 92
Aleppo hoard 14–15
Alexander IV, Pope 128, 168, 170
Alexandria 109
Alexius I Komnenos 33, 91
Alfonso II of Portugal 33
Alfonso VII of Castile 33
Alfonso IX of Castile 33
alloys xvii, 37, 45, 98, 181
Almohads 33, 34, 42, 43, 47, 91, 92
Almoravids 33, 34, 42, 45, 91
Alphonse of Poitiers 34
Andronikos I Komnenos, Emperor 33
Angevin monarchy 13–14, 17, 127–52, 170, 212
Annales Ianuenses 35
Anziani 106
apodixe 133–8
aquilini 179
Arabic East 33
Arab trade 44–5, 212
archaeological sources 14–15, 88
archive loss 132
Archivio Apostolico Vaticano 17, 165, 175
Archivio Storico Diocesano of Lucca 18
Arengerio of Florence 166
Arezzo 57, 78n.155, 197
Arias, Gino 172
Arrighi, Gino 39
Arte
del Cambio 53, 80, 103, 105, 166
della Lana 85
della Seta 92
di Calimala 52, 56, 80, 103, 104, 106, 109
di Por Santa Maria (goldsmiths’ guild) 53
Arti (guilds) 52–3, 103–4, 105
assay 97
Attigliante 92
augustales
Angevin monarchy 127, 134, 141, 143, 150
duration of 42
in France 34
Frederick II Hohenstaufen 33, 42, 61–2
Gherardi’s Liber habaci 39
iconography 40
merchant banking 93, 99
papacy 194
aureus 107
auro fracto (broken gold) 179, 194
Avignon mint of Pont de Sorgues 29
Ayyubids 47
Baadj, Amar S. 44
back to gold see return to gold
balance of payment calculations 46
Baldassarri, Monica 36, 40, 58
Balducci, Pera 96
Balestracci, Duccio 83
Bambouk 72n.75
Bandelj, Nina 11
banking industry 55, 91
see also merchant banking
bankruptcies 169, 171
banned coins 134, 151
Banzara del Garbo 92
Bardi 56
Barletta 98, 134
Bartolus of Sassoferrato 62
Beaumont, Geoffroy de 132
Bencivenni family 92
Benetti, Massimo de 6
Benevento hoard 179
Berbers 44
Bernocchi, Mario 6
Beroardi, Guglielmo 1
bezants 12, 34, 43, 47, 91, 93, 94
billon coins 35, 39, 61, 80, 109, 165, 179, 181, 193
bisantes 91
Bloch, Marc 3, 10–11, 12
Blomquist, Thomas W. 40–1
Bologna 53, 54, 55, 91, 93
Bompaire, Marc 91
Bonaiuti, Baldassarri 113n.10
Boniface VIII, Pope 164, 165, 171–2, 195, 199–200, 213
Bonsignori of Siena 170, 171
Book of the Secret of Secrets 124–5
booty 47
brassage 88
Brindisi mint 33, 98, 134
Brocardo son of Ricovero 96, 97, 98
Brodaiolo, Enrico 97
Buccelli, Nicola 134
bullionist provisions 100
Buoni, Ugolino 86
Byzantine Empire 4, 12, 31, 33, 34, 39, 42, 89–90, 91
Caffaro di Rustico of Caschifellone 35
Calabria 176, 177, 181
cambium maritimum loans 89–90, 97
camels 44
Camera (royal) 132, 134, 135–7, 142, 152, 175
Camera Apostolica 163
campsor domini papae 167, 168, 170
Capitani del Popolo 59
carats xvii, 33, 37, 40, 42–3
Cardinale, Ricordo 86
carlini 127, 141, 142, 150–1, 153
Castel Capuano mint 150
Castile 33
Cavalcanti family 92
census 150, 174
cereal tax 137
Champagne Fairs 7, 51, 55, 56, 92–3, 109, 110, 169
chancery registers 132, 152
chancery staff 141
Charlemagne xvi, 29, 31
Charles, Prince of Salerno 151
Charles I (Charles of Anjou) 14, 17, 84, 97, 127–34, 138–42, 149, 170, 179, 196, 212
Charles II of Anjou 132
Charles of Salerno 196
‘chartalist’ theory of money 8–10, 213
Chiarenti of Pistoia 171, 172
Chronica de Origine Civitatis Florentiae 107
chronicles 18, 82–7, 107
Ciabatto 97, 98
Cieo (leather-worker) 200
Cipolla, Carlo M. 4, 6, 16
‘Circle of the Sphere’ 124–5
city priors 83
civitas sibi princeps 62
Clement III, Pope 167
Clement IV, Pope 129, 170
Clement V, Pope 200
cloth industry 52, 54, 56, 85, 92, 93–4, 132, 212
coin hoards 14–15, 88, 179
Cold Fair of Troyes 130
Collectoriae series of the Archivio Apostolico Vaticano 165, 175
Colle Val d’Elsa 53
Colline Metallifere 88
commenda contracts 95, 110
Commercial Revolution 4, 5, 41, 48, 51, 64, 126, 199
condotta agreements 145
Conradin 128, 130, 132
Conrad IV 64, 128
Constantine the Great xvii, 35
contado 52, 58, 91
copper 31, 47, 181
Cordero di San Quintino, Giulio 38
Cortenuova 59
Cortona mint 78n.155
council of elders 106
Council of Forty 210
counterfeiting 13, 34, 47, 49
Crusades
Angevin monarchy 140
bezants 43, 93–4
exchange rates 130
Florentine money-lending 55
hyperpyra 33–4
papacy 33–4, 47, 129, 163, 173
Second Council of Lyon 174
sexennial tithe 196
tithes 129, 173
Western silver coins 47
customs duties 49, 89, 93, 94, 100, 110, 137, 145
d’Afflitto, Costanzo 97, 98
d’Afflitto, Maffeo 96, 97, 98
Dameron, George 76n.129
dates xvi
Davidsohn, Robert 61, 92, 138, 166, 171, 197
Day, John 164, 195
Day Jr., William R. 54, 56
debasement 4, 6, 42, 104
debt recovery 169
dell’Antella, Lamberto 104
denarii
denarii grossi versus denarii parvi 36
denariis aureis (gold) 109
Pisan 57
silver denarii 3, 4, 31, 42
Tuscan monetary issues 215–16
unit of account 96–7, 103, 195
deniers provinois 130
deniers tournois 92, 181
De peccato usure 200
Desan, Christine 9–10
Dialogus de Scaccario (Dialogue of the Exchequer) 125
dinars 12, 31–4, 42, 44, 45, 49, 88, 91, 92
Dini, Salvo 121n.92
diplomacy 166
Diplomatico collection 18, 85–6, 108
dirhams 47
disputes 166, 167
dobles 33, 39, 91
Dodd, Nigel 11
donations to the church 90
double appropriation of imperial authority 61–2
double dinars 31–3
double entry accounts 177
double recording in sources 17
Dourdan, Martin de 140–1
ducats 12, 19, 29, 172, 210–11
Duplessy, Jean 34
East African gold mines 44
Edmund of England 128
Edward I of England 171
Eich, Stefan 9
Engelbert of Berg 93, 110
Eubel, Konrad 207n.79
exchange rates 8, 130–2, 135, 181, 182–3, 199
exile 59
export restrictions 100
Faenza 53, 54
Faini, Enrico 52, 107–8
Falconi, Arnolfo 92
Falconi, Buoninsegna 92
Falconieri family 104
Fantacci, Luca 9
Fatimid dinars 88
fatwās 45
Felten, Sebastian 9
Ferdinand III of Castile 33
Ferentino, Bishop Pietro da 176, 177–8, 181, 198, 199
Fibonacci, Leonardo 39
Fiesco of Florence 95
Fiesole diocese 195
Filangieri, Riccardo 132
fineness
assay 97
debasement 42
definition xvii
genovino 37
grosso d’oro (Lucca) 40
in written sources 17
fines 200
fiorino 107–8
‘fiscal metallism’ 213
Fitz Nigel, Richard 125
flags of convenience 53, 99, 110
fleur-de-lis 35–6, 38
see also lily emblem
floreni parvi 86
florenos auri 16–17
Florinus 107
fondacos 94–5, 99, 104, 110
Formica, Francesco 150
foundations, coins in 11
Frederick II 33, 40, 42, 43, 48, 58–62, 64, 99, 103, 128, 134, 173, 179, 211
Frederick of Antioch 59, 60
Genoa 18, 34, 35–41, 49, 55, 63, 95, 100, 111, 122n.105
genovino 3, 5, 35–8, 63, 100, 111
Gesta Florentinorum 107
Gherardi, Paolo 39, 40
Ghibelline party 58, 59, 60, 61, 104, 107, 128, 129, 196
‘ghost monies’ 16
Giugni family 92
gold
dust 42
estimators 34
famine 31
ingots 179
mining processes 44
nuggets 44
ounces 193, 195
price declines 48
rods 93, 100
specks 44
supply 43–50, 93, 100
gold–silver ratios 46–8
gold–silver trade 47
Goldthwaite, Richard A. 7
governmental financial dealings 126
grain 55–6, 64, 137, 141, 145, 212
Gregory IX, Pope 163, 167, 168–9, 173, 177
Gregory X, Pope 165, 171, 174, 196, 199
Grierson, Philip 7, 210
grossi (silver) 31, 35, 42, 61, 62, 104, 106, 109, 141, 179, 181, 215–16
grosso d’oro (Lucca) 37, 38–40, 63, 109
grossus (adj) 36
gros tournois 141, 179
Grugnoli, Saraceno 93–4
guarantees 96–7
Guarcino, Benedetto de 169
Guelph party 40, 58–61, 104, 107, 129, 130, 152, 171
Guglielmo, Benintendi di 2
Guidi, Pietro 175
guild consuls 166
guilds see Arti (guilds)
Guyer, Jane I. 11
hackgold 179
Hafsids 33, 48
Hart, Keith 9
Henry II of England 125, 173
Henry III of England 34, 55, 125, 166, 168, 170
hoards 14–15, 88, 179
Hohenstaufen, Emperor Frederick II 30–1
Holy Face of Christ 40
Honorius III, Pope 93, 166, 167, 169
Honorius IV, Pope 196
Hoshino, Hidetoshi 54
household accounts 141
Housley, Norman 163
humanism 108
Hungarian gold 71n.72
Hunt, Edwin S. 56
hyperpyra 33, 34, 39, 42, 49, 91
iconography 35–6, 38, 61, 62, 63, 64, 200
identity, Florentine 107–9
Idrīsī, Muhammad al- 43
imitations 29, 211
immigration 52
Imola 53
imperial privileges 61
imperial vicars 59–60
imported precious metals 43, 88, 95, 96, 110–11
indirect taxation 137
in diversis monetis 193, 195
inflation 74n.108
inheritance 90
Innocent III, Pope 166, 173, 207n.79
Innocent IV, Pope 128, 169–70
inquisition 167
interdisciplinarity 18–19
interest rates 48, 90, 143
international standards based on Florentine 37–8, 40, 109–10
International System of Units (SI) xvii
I Registri della Cancelleria Angioina 17, 132
Islamic law 45
Islamic trade 45–6
ius cudendi (right to mint coins) 57, 61, 63
ius exiture 137
James I of Aragon 174
Jamme, Armand 171
John III Vatatzes 42
John the Baptist, Saint 29, 61, 106, 108, 200
John XXII, Pope 29
Kamp, Norbert 206n.73, 207n.79
Katsari, Constantina 9, 213
Keynes, John Maynard 9
Knapp, Georg Friedrich 8–9
Lamberti, Tinioso 166
Lane, Frederic C. 27n.60
Laskaris, Theodore (Emperor of Nicaea) 49
Latin Empire 43, 47
Latin expressions for actual money
de propria manu 17
ex mani 17
in una manu 17
manualiter 17
launechild 90
legends 29, 38
Lenzi, Domenico 55–6
Leon 33, 42
lexical analysis 36
Liber habaci 39
librae, solidi, and denarii (£.s.d.) xvi–xvii, 29, 31, 181
Libro della zecca 6, 104
lily emblem 29, 38, 61, 107, 108
liquidity crises 171
livres tournois 130
loans 86, 89, 92, 94, 97, 139, 166–7, 170–2, 212
local markets versus international 85
Logge dei Banchi hoard, Pisa 14
logorie monete 53
Lombardic Law 90
long-distance trade 3, 6, 102, 109, 110, 126, 140, 212
Lopez, Roberto Sabatino 3–4, 5–6, 12, 36, 41, 58
Louis VII 173
Louis IX 129, 169
Lucca
counterfeit gold 49
Florentines in 55
gold purchases 98
grosso d’oro (Lucca) 37, 38–41, 63, 109
mint 34, 57
money lending 167
Popolo 122n.105
Ricciardi company 50, 171
textile trade 51, 54
trade treaties 53
Tuscan monetary issues 215–16
lucchese d’oro 39
Lunt, William E. 163, 168
luxury goods trade 47, 94
Maghreb 44, 45
Magna Tavola 170
Manfred of Sicily 2, 109, 128, 130, 139, 170, 179
Mannelli, Tedicio 104, 105
Manovelli, Ticio 105
maravedis alfonsis 33, 42
Marseille 49, 55
Martin IV, Pope 196, 197
Martino of Florence 102
masmudini/massamutini 33, 43, 50, 91, 92
Massagli, Domenico 38
Matzke, Michael 35, 36, 38
Māzāri, Abū ‘Abd Allah al- 45
McIntosh, Susan K. 44
MEC 12 35
mercantile class 101–2, 106, 107, 109, 111–12
mercatores camere 171
mercatores papae 165, 213
mercenaries’ salaries 48, 127, 139, 140, 143–4, 145, 149, 151
merchant banking
Angevin monarchy 212
capacity 105–10
collection of tithes 175
Commercial Revolution 7, 101–10
Florence-Genoa treaty 100
know-how 101–5
mercantile records 18
and the papacy 51, 128, 164–72, 175, 195–200, 213
reason for focus on 13–14
Rome 169–70
Siena 130
Messina 33, 55, 97, 98, 134
‘metallist’ theory of money 8–10, 213
Miani, Iacopo 34
Milan 55
miliarenses 47, 103
military expenses 138–42, 145–9, 151, 170, 198
mines 43–4, 46–7, 88, 102
mints
Arezzo 57, 78n.155
Avignon mint of Pont de Sorgues 29
Barletta 134
Brindisi 33, 98, 134
Castel Capuano 150
Cortona 78n.155
cost of minting 140
Florence 57, 58, 64, 80–1, 103–4, 105, 106
know-how 101–5
Lucca 34, 57
Messina 33, 97, 134
mint-masters 80, 83, 97, 101, 103–5, 111, 150
mint prices 88
Montieri 78n.155, 103
Naples 142, 150
Pavia 42
Perugia 109
Pisa 57
Provins 92, 93
secrecy 111
supply of precious metals 88
Tuscan monetary issues 215–16
Verona 42
Volterra 57, 78n.155
‘mirrors for princes’ 125
Miskimin, Harry A. 46
moneta numeraria 27n.60
monetary policy 105, 134
moneychangers 1–2, 53, 88, 98, 99, 109, 143
money lending 55, 80, 166–7
see also loans
‘monies of account’ 16–17, 18, 37, 85, 91, 130
Montagano, Alessio 6
Montieri mint 78n.155, 103
Montpellier 50
morabitinos 33, 39, 42, 50, 91
Mozzi of Florence 171, 172
Mueller, Reinhold C. 27n.60
museum collections 15
Muslim rule 31
Muslim silver coins 47
see also dinars
mutual guarantees 96
Naismith, Rory 11
name ‘fiorino’ 107–8
Nani, Pietro 34
Naples 99, 132, 142, 150
new Rome 107–8
Nicaea 42, 49
Nobili, Daniello de 38
noble coinage 200
notarial documents 18, 89, 97
numismatic reference works 6
nuntii 137
Nuova Cronica (Villani) 83
oboles 34
obverse side 35, 38, 40, 64n.2
Oltrarno 51
Orvieto 53, 56
‘or menu’ 139, 150
o.t.gr. (gold ounces, taris, and grains) xvii, 97, 181
ounces 97, 98, 193
paiola gold 42, 44, 93
panni franceschi 54
Pannocchieschi, Pagano (Bishop of Volterra) 102
papacy 13–14, 17, 51, 128–9, 150, 163–209, 212–13
papal agents 168, 172
papal letters 169–70
Paris 7
Parsons, Jotham 9
Pavia 15, 42, 167
pavisia prices 144
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci 100
Percy Jr., William A. 137
perperi latini d’oro 42–3, 89–90, 91
Perugia 53, 54, 109
Peruzzi 56
petty coins 141
Philip II of France 173
Philip IV of France 171
Piazza della Signoria 88
Piedmont 152
Pieri, Paolino 81, 82–7
Pisa
aquilini 179
Florentine collaboration with 94
fondacos 99, 110
foreign gold in 34
gold imports 96
gold supply 99
mint 57
peace agreement 60
Popolo 122n.105
port access 210
State Archives of Pisa 18
trade networks 50–1, 53
Tuscan monetary issues 215–16
war with Florence 57, 58–9, 83–4
pistaculi 181
Pistoia 58, 60
Plesner, Johan 52
Podestà of Florence 59, 60, 82, 137
political construction of money 58–63, 213–14
population increases 51–2, 55–6, 64
port access 53, 94, 111, 210
Portugal 33, 42
Prato 53
Primo Popolo 31, 60–1, 64, 81, 105, 107–9, 112, 211
Principality of Achaia 140, 152
professional salaries 146–8
propaganda 61, 84
protectionism 100, 111
Provence 55
Provins mint 92, 93
provisini 92, 179, 181
Provvisioni collection 18
pseudo-Pisans 89, 94
public finance 124–62, 212
Punta, Ignazio del 172
purchasing power 145
purity 37
see also carats; fineness
quality of gold 34, 200
quartarola 35, 36–7, 38
quaterni 132, 133, 177, 178, 197
Radicofani fortress 129
Rationes decimarum 175, 176
reali 98, 127, 134, 141, 143, 150, 151, 179
Reconquista 43
regalia 61
relics 11
religious symbolism of coins 11
Remigio de’ Girolami 200
return to gold 3–5, 10, 13, 21, 34, 41, 49, 50, 211
Rex Romanorum 79n.167
Ricciardi company 50, 171
Richard, earl of Cornwall 128
right to mint coins (ius cudendi) 57, 61, 63
rinforciati 181
Roger II of Sicily 43
Roman gold coins 35, 107
Rome
ancient Rome myths 107
Florentines in 55
loyalty to 129
new Rome 107–8
Pisan-Florentine conflict 58–9
see also papacy
Roover, Raymond de 41
royal archives 132
royal treasury records 133
Rudolph of Habsburg 79n.167
Saladin tithe 173
Salimbene di Adam 196
salmae 137, 145
salt 45
Sambon, Arthur 150
Sancho I 33
Sancho II 33
San Gimignano 53
San Miniato 53
San Procolo trade fair 91, 92
Santa Maria della Vittoria abbey 141
Saracen bezants 34, 43, 47, 91
Sartori, Andrew 9
Sbarbaro, Massimo 74n.108
Schlumberger, Gustave L. 49
Scivamendigo, Pietro 90
scudo 29
sea loans 89–90, 111
Second Council of Lyon 174
secret treaties 49
Secretum Secretorum 124–5
seigniorage 88
Senzanome 107
Sercambi, Giovanni 40
Sergi, Giovanni 89
sermons 200
sexennial tithe 174–95, 196, 197, 199
Sicilian affair 128–33
Sicily, Kingdom of 17, 20, 33–4, 98, 126–38, 170, 172, 176–7, 181, 197
Siena
Bonsignori of Siena 170
break with Rome 128
chronicles 83
conflict with Florence 58
grossi (silver) 109
merchant banking 51, 169
military alliances 60
mint 57
money lending 167
Popolo 122n.105
treaties 53
Tuscan monetary issues 215–16
Sigestro, Angelino de 37
silk industry 53
silver coins
in Africa/Europe trade 46–7
denarii 3, 4, 31, 42
deniers 92
grossi 31, 35, 42, 61, 62, 104, 106, 109, 141, 179, 181, 215–16
papal tithes 179, 193, 194
silver famine 4
silver–gold ratios 46, 47, 48
silver mines 47
single coin finds 14
social construct, money as 11, 213
social history, importance of 10–11
Soldano son of Guidone 97
solidus 35
sources 14–21, 176–7
sovereignty 61–2, 198
specula principum 125
spezzati 179
spices 93
Spini of Florence 171, 172
Spufford, Peter 4, 7, 12, 83, 85
square coins 47
squires’ salaries 144
State Archives of Florence 17–18, 85–6, 89, 108
Statutum Thesauriorum Castri Salvatoris ad Mare 133
sterling 92
Storia Mondiale dell’Italia 5
subventio generalis (general subvention) 135, 137, 138
Sudan 43–4, 45, 95
super-companies 56
supra-national tender 4
symbolism of coins 11
Tacchi, Gerardino 1–2
Takrūr 43–4
Tangheroni, Marco 58
tarifs de tonlieux 93
taris 33, 34, 39, 45, 93, 98, 127, 140, 141, 151, 179
taxes
Commercial Revolution 53, 59
gold–silver ratios 48
Kingdom of Sicily 127, 133–8, 151
merchant banking 94
papacy 163
peace times 126
tithes 173–6
written sources 17
Tedaldini, Rainuncino 165
textile industry 52, 54, 56, 85, 92, 93–4, 132, 212
Theobald I 169
Thomas, Count of Savoy 49
tithes 17, 129, 163–5, 170, 172–6, 178, 196, 199
Tognetti, Sergio 84
token fees 90
tolls on gold as commodity 49
Tolomei, Andrea de 130, 155n.18
tombs 11
Torchevache, Jean de 140–1
Tornaquinci family 92
Tortosa siege 49
Toubert, Pierre 165
trade 41–6
trade fairs 91
see also Champagne Fairs
trans-Saharan trade 44–5
Trapani hoard 14
Travaini, Lucia 7, 39, 126
travelling agents 95
treasury records 133
treaties 53, 59, 100, 140
Treaty of Viterbo 140
trial records 93–4
Tribaldi, Apollonio 92
tributes 47
Tripolitan dinars 45
Tunis 55, 95, 96
Tunisia 33
Ugolino, Bentivegna d’ 103
Ugolino the Florentine 55, 86, 89–90
Ugoni, Filippo degli 82
uncoined gold 93, 97, 98, 139, 150, 179
Urban IV, Pope 128, 129, 131, 170
utilitarian perspectives on money 8
Valona 140
Vendittelli, Marco 169
Vendola, Domenico 176, 177, 178
Venice 18, 34, 42, 49, 172, 210–11
vernacularization 108
Verona mint 42
videlicet 17
Villani, Giovanni 1, 2, 35, 80, 81, 82–7, 89, 95–6, 106, 107–8, 110, 179, 211–12
Viterbo siege 103
Volterra 57, 78n.155
Waley, Daniel 161n.89
Walker, Thomas 4
walls 51
Wangara 44
war finance 126, 130, 143, 171, 173, 197, 199
Watson, Andrew M. 4, 46
Weber, Max 9
weight xvii, 17, 29
wheat 137
wool industry 52, 54–5, 56, 85, 168
written sources 15–21
X- Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis 36, 37, 40, 115n.29
Zelizer, Viviana A. 11
Zoppo, Pietro 90
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The Florentine florin

The politics and culture of money in the Middle Ages

eISBN:
9781526158147
Publisher:
Manchester University Press
Cover The Florentine florin
Subjects:
History
Keywords:
Florin; Florence; Commercial Revolution; back to gold; long-distance trade; Angevins; Papacy; Kingdom of Sicily
Page Count:
10
Publisher:
Manchester University Press

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Cover Framing the moron

Framing the moron

The social construction of feeble-mindedness in the American eugenic era

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01 Nov 2015
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  1. History
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Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900–30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists.

This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are utilized to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.
Cover Churchyard and cemetery

Churchyard and cemetery

Tradition and modernity in rural North Yorkshire

Author:
Julie Rugg

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01 Nov 2015
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This book reviews the burial history of central North Yorkshire. In exploring the social history of burial in rural areas, the book aims to encompass some of the principles underpinning 'l'histoire des mentalites'. The book considers the issue of churchyard closure. Churchyard closure generally signalled that burial space was made available elsewhere, and in most cases before 1894 this meant that the churchyard itself had been extended. The book reviews the incidence of churchyard extension, which was commonplace during the nineteenth century. The Burial Acts introduced legislation that permitted vestries to establish burial boards, which could raise loans repayable through the rates to fund the laying out of new cemeteries. In central North Riding, a total of eighteen burial boards were in operation before 1894, and the book reviews in detail the operation of the ten largest boards in that group. The Burial Acts maintained and even strengthened the hold of the Church of England on burial space, by substantially increasing the amount of consecrated land under its control. The book also addresses the contention that the new legislative context for burial in the twentieth century might then introduce the opportunity for a substantial centralisation of burial provision. Finally, the book reviews the pattern of burial provision in 2007 compared with 1850, and concludes that there is evidence of both continuity and change.
Cover Church polity and politics in the British Atlantic world, c. 1635–66

Church polity and politics in the British Atlantic world, c. 1635–66

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Online Publication Date:
07 Jan 2020
Subjects:
  1. History
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The debate on the polity of the church was at the centre of the religious debates in the British Atlantic world during the middle decades of the seventeenth-century. From the Covenanter revolution in Scotland, to the congregationalism of the New England colonies, to the protracted debates of the Westminster assembly, and the abolition of the centuries-old episcopalian structure of the Church of England, the issue of the polity of the church was intertwined with the political questions of the period. This book collects together essays focusing on the conjunction of church polity and politics in the middle years of the seventeenth century. A number of chapters in the volume address the questions and conflicts arising out of the period’s reopening and rethinking of the Reformation settlement of church and state. In addition, the interplay between the localities and the various Westminster administrations of the era are explored in a number of chapters. Beyond these discussions, chapters in the volume explore the deeper ecclesiological thinking of the period, examining the nature of the polity of the church and its relationship to society at large. The book also covers the issues of liberty of conscience and how religious suffering contributed to a sense of what the true church was in the midst of revolutionary political upheaval. This volume asserts the fundamental connection between church polity and politics in the revolutions that affected the seventeenth-century British Atlantic world.