Select bibliography

Archival collections

Germany

Archiv Stadtmuseum Berlin (ASB)

Bundesarchiv Berlin (BArch)

Circus-, Varieté- und Artistenarchiv Marburg (CVAAM)

Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden (HStA DD)

Landesarchiv Münster (LA Münster)

Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes Berlin (PAdAAB)

Stadtarchiv Dresden (StA DD)

Zirkusarchiv Winkler (ZAW)

UK

Mass Observation Archive (MOA)

National Fairground and Circus Archive (NFCA)

Victoria and Albert Archives London (VAAL)

USA

National Archives Kansas City (NARA Kansas City)

Newspapers and periodicals

Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette

Berks and Oxon Advertiser

Berliner Tageblatt

Birmingham Daily Gazette

Birmingham Gazette

Bristol Evening Post

Britannia and Eve

Buckingham Advertiser and Free Press

Circuszeitung

Daily Herald

Das Organ der Varietéwelt

Das Organ International

Das Programm

Dresdner Anzeiger

Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten

Dundee Courier

Dundee Courier and Advertiser

Essener Volkszeitung

Fahrten und Abenteuer

Fife Free Press & Kirkcaldy Guardian

Freiheitskampf

Hamburger Tageblatt

Illustrated London News

Islington Daily Gazette

Leeds Mercury

Liverpool Daily Post

Malaya Tribune

Mit Sarrasani in Südamerika, vol. 1 (1928)

Mit Sarrasani in Südamerika, vol. 2 (1930/1939)

Mit Sarrasani in Südamerika, vol. 3 (1929)

Mit Sarrasani in Südamerika, vol. 4 (1930)

Mit Sarrasani in Südamerika, vol. 6 (1931)

Rhein- und Ruhrzeitung

Sarrasani (1931)

Sarrasani’s Illustrierte (1931)

Sarrasani’s Illustrierte (1939)

Staffordshire Advertiser

Sunday Times

The Billboard

The Pall Mall Magazine

The Sphere

The Stage

The Straits Times

The Times of India

The Western Morning News and Daily Gazette

Western Daily Press

World’s Fair

Printed primary sources

Beatty, Clyde and Edward Anthony, The big cage (New York: Century Co., 1933).

Bostock, Frank, The training of wild animals (New York: Century, 1903).

Bosworth, Willan G., Wagon wheels: The romance of the circus (London: Heath Cranton, 1935).

Court, Alfred, Wild circus animals (London: Burke, 1954).

Dean, Basil, ‘The theatre in emergency’, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 88:4566 (1940), 759–75.

Frost, Thomas, Circus life and circus celebrities (London: Chatto and Windus, 1881).

Hagenbeck, Carl, Beasts and men: Being Carl Hagenbeck’s experiences for half a century among wild animals (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1910).

Kober, Heinrich August, Ich wanderte mit dem Zirkus (Frankfurt a. M.: Verlag der Frankfurter Bücher, 1958).

Kober, Heinrich August, Rund um die Manege: Tagebuch eines Zirkusmannes (Stuttgart: Hoffmann, 1928).

Luke, Claude F., ‘The work of the N.A.A.F.I. entertainment branch’, Royal United Services Institution 86:541 (1941), 88–95.

May, Karl, Winnetou (Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1982), vol. 1.

May, Karl, Winnetou (Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1983), vols 2–3.

Mills, Cyril B., Bertram Mills Circus: Its story (London: Hutchinson, 1967).

Schäfer, Moritz, Togare: Der Herr der Tiger (Berlin: Franz Schneider, 1939).

Smith, Lady Eleanor, Life’s a circus (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1939).

Williamson, Stanley, On the road with Bertram Mills (London: Chatto & Windus, 1938).

Films

Cleopatra, 1934.

Intolerance, 1916.

The Thief of Bagdad, 1924.

Printed law

Gesetz zur Bewahrung der Jugend vor Schund- und Schmutzschriften, 18 December 1926, Reichsgesetzblatt 1926, I.

Books, articles and theses

Abra, Allison, Dancing in the English style: Consumption, Americanisation and national identity in Britain, 1918–50 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017).

Adair, Zakiya R., ‘Respectable vamp: A Black feminist analysis of Florence Mills’ career in early vaudeville theater’, Journal of African American Studies 17:1 (2013), 7–21.

Ames, Eric, Carl Hagenbeck’s empire of entertainments (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008).

Andrews, Val, The Great Carmo: 1881 to 1944 (Essex: Arcady Press, 2008).

Arluke, Arnold, Just a dog: Understanding animal cruelty and ourselves (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2016).

Arrighi, Gillian, ‘The Circus and modernity: A commitment to “the newer” and “the newest”’, Early Popular Visual Culture 10:2 (2012), 169–85.

Arrighi, Gillian, The FitzGerald Brothers’ Circus: Spectacle, identity, and nationhood at the Australian circus (Melbourne: Australian Scholarly, 2015).

Assael, Brenda, The circus and Victorian society (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005).

Aung, Maung Htin, ‘George Orwell and Burma’, Asian Affairs 1:1 (1970), 19–28.

Averley, Helen, War circus: Charting the lives of the international circus community through the Great War, 1914–1918 (Newcastle: Madame La Bonche Publishing, 2017).

Barkan, Elazar, The retreat of scientific racism: Changing concepts of race in Britain and the United States between the world wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Bebber, Brett, ‘Introduction: Contextualising leisure history’, in Bebber (ed.), Leisure and cultural conflict in twentieth-century Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), pp. 1–10.

Behnken, Brian D. and Simon Wendt, ‘Introduction: Hybrid national belonging and identity in a transnational world’, in Behnken and Wendt (eds), Crossing boundaries, ethnicity, race, and national belonging in a transnational world (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013), pp. 1–18.

Berenstein, Rhona J., ‘White heroines and hearts of darkness: Race, gender and disguise in 1930s jungle films’, Film History 6:3 (1994), 314–39.

Bhabha, Homi K., ‘Introduction: Narrating the nation’, in Bhabha (ed.), Nation and narration (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 1–7.

Blanchard, Pascal, Nicolas Bancel, Gilles Boetsch, Éric Deroo, Sandrine Lemaire and Charles Forsdick (eds), Human zoos: Science and spectacle in the age of colonial empires (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008).

Bogdan, Robert, Freak show: Presenting human oddities for amusement and profit (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988).

Bonde, Hans, ‘The struggle for Danish youth: Fascism, sport, democracy’, International Journal of the History of Sport 26:10 (2009), 1436–57.

Bouissac, Paul, Circus and culture: A semiotic approach (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976).

Brace, Catherine, ‘Finding England everywhere: Regional identity and the construction of national identity, 1890–1940’, Ecumene 6:1 (1999), 90–109.

Brantlinger, Patrick, Rules of darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830–1914 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988).

Buadaeng, Kwanchewan, ‘Ethnic identities of the Karen peoples in Burma and Thailand’, in James L. Peacock, Patricia M. Thornton and Patrick B. Inman (eds), Identity matters: Ethnic and sectarian conflict (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007), pp. 73–97.

Burton, Antoinette, Burdens of history: British feminists, Indian women, and imperial culture, 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).

Calder, Angus, The people’s war: Britain 1939–1945 (London: Panther, 1971).

Carmeli, Yoram S., ‘The invention of circus and bourgeois hegemony: A glance at British circus books’, Journal of Popular Culture 29:1 (1995), 213–21.

Carmeli, Yoram S., ‘Lion on display: Culture, nature, and totality in a circus performance’, Poetics Today 24:1 (2003), 65–90.

Chakravarty, Gautram, The Indian mutiny and the British imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

Chapman, James, The British at war: Cinema, state and propaganda, 1939–1945 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000).

Charney, Michael W., A history of modern Burma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Chie, Ikeya, ‘The Modern Burmese woman and the politics of fashion in colonial Burma’, The Journal of Asian Studies 67:4 (2008), 1277–308.

Clavin, Patricia. The Great Depression in Europe, 1929–39 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000).

Cochrane, Claire, ‘A city’s toys: Theatre in Birmingham 1914–1918’, in Andrew Maunder (ed.), British theatre and the Great War, 1914–1919: New perspectives (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), p. 215–33.

Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the nation, 1707–1837 (London: Pimlico, 1994).

Cowie, Helen, Exhibiting animals in nineteenth-century Britain: Empathy, education, entertainment (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

Crais, Clifton and Pamela Scully, Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A ghost story and a biography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).

Crowhurst, Andrew, ‘London’s “music hall war”: Trade unionism in an Edwardian service industry’, The London Journal 21:2 (1996), 149–63.

Cunningham, Hugh, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution, c. 1780–c. 1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1980).

Dadswell, Sarah, ‘Jugglers, fakirs, and jaduwallahs: Indian magicians and the British stage’, New Theatre Quarterly 23:1 (2007), 3–24.

Dahm, Volker, ‘Anfänge und Ideologie der Reichskulturkammer’, Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte 34:1 (1986), 53–84.

Darwin, John, The empire project: The rise and fall of the British world-system, 1830–1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Davis, C. B., ‘Cultural evolution and performance genres: Memetics in theatre history and performance studies’, Theatre Journal 59:4 (2007), 595–614.

Davis, Janet, ‘Spectacles of South Asia at the American circus’, Visual Anthropology 6:2 (1993), 121–38.

Davis, Janet, The circus age: Culture & society under the American big top (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).

Davis, Janet, ‘“Pain is the only school-teacher”: the Jack London Club and the politics of American animal performance, 1880–1945’, Early Popular Visual Culture 15:3 (2017), 334–49.

Delap, Lucy, ‘Uneven Orientalisms: Burmese women and the feminist imagination’, Gender and History 24:2 (2012), 389–410.

Deloria, Philip J., Playing Indian (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).

Dirscherl, Stefan, Tier- und Naturschutz im Nationalsozialismus: Gesetzgebung, Ideologie und Praxis (Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2012).

Donald, Diana, Women against cruelty: Protection of animals in nineteenth-century Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019).

Dreesbach, Anne, Gezähmte Wilde: Die Zurschaustellung “exotischer” Menschen in Deutschland 1870–1940 (Frankfurt a. M.: Campus Verlag, 2005).

Durbach, Nadja, ‘London: Capital of exotic exhibitions from 1830 to 1860’, in Blanchard, Pascal, Nicolas Bancel, Gilles Boetsch, Éric Deroo, Sandrine Lemaire and Charles Forsdick (eds), Human zoos: Science and spectacle in the age of colonial empires (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008), pp. 81–8.

Durbach, Nadja, Spectacle of deformity: Freak shows and modern British culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).

Edwards, Elizabeth, ‘Photography and the making of the other’, in Blanchard, Pascal, Nicolas Bancel, Gilles Boetsch, Éric Deroo, Sandrine Lemaire and Charles Forsdick (eds), Human zoos: Science and spectacle in the age of colonial empires (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008), pp. 239–46.

Eliot, Karen, ‘Starved for beauty: British ballet and public morale during the Second World War’, Dance Chronicle 31:2 (2008), 175–210.

Emerson, Catherine, Regarding Mannekin Pis: Culture, celebration, and conflict in Brussels (Oxford: Routledge, 2015).

Fanon, Frantz, The wretched of the earth (New York: Grove Press, 2004).

Farmer, Richard, Cinemas and cinema-going in wartime Britain, 1939–1945: The utility dream palace (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016).

Fisher, Jonas D. M. and Andreas Hornstein, ‘The role of real wages, productivity, and fiscal policy in Germany’s Great Depression 1928–1937’, Review of Economic Dynamics 5 (2002), 100–27.

Fiske, John, Understanding popular culture (New York: Routledge, 2011).

Flint, Kate, The transatlantic Indian, 1776–1920 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).

Föllmer, Moritz and Rüdiger Graf (eds), Die “Krise” der Weimarer Republik: Zur Kritik eines Deutungsmusters (Frankfurt a. M.: Campus Verlag, 2005).

Fricker, Karen and Hayley Malouin, ‘Introduction: Circus and its others’, Performance Matters 4:1–2 (2018), 1–18.

Friedrichsmeyer, Sara, Sara Lennox and Suzanne Zantop (eds), The Imperialist imagination: German colonialism and its legacy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998).

Friesen, Steve and François Chladiuk, Lakota performers in Europe: Their culture and the artifacts they left behind (Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 2017).

Frost, Linda, ‘The Circassian beauty and the Circassian slave: Gender, imperialism, and American popular entertainment’, in Rosemarie Garland-Thomson (ed.), Freakery: Cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body (New York: New York University Press, 1996), pp. 248–62.

Fuchs, Margarete, Anna-Sophie Jürgens und Jörg Schuster (eds), Manegenkünste: Zirkus als ästhetisches Modell (Bielefeld: transcript, 2020).

Ganesan, N. and Kyaw Yin Hlaing (eds), Myanmar: State, society and ethnicity (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007).

Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie, ‘Ways of staring’, Journal of Visual Culture 5:2 (2006), 173–92.

Ghosh, Dhurba, ‘Decoding the nameless: Gender, subjectivity, and historical methodologies in reading the archives of colonial India’, in Kathleen Wilson (ed.) A new imperial history: Culture, identity and modernity in Britain and the empire, 1660–1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 297–316.

Gilman, Sander L., Difference and pathology: Stereotypes of sexuality, race, and madness (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985).

Gissibl, Bernhard, The nature of German imperialism: Conservation and the politics of wildlife in colonial East Africa (New York: Berghahn Books, 2016).

Goto-Jones, Christopher, ‘Magic, modernity, and Orientalism: Conjuring representations of Asia’, Modern Asian Studies 48:6 (2014), 1451–76.

Gould, Marty, Nineteenth-century theatre and the imperial encounter (New York: Routledge, 2011).

Grandy, Christine, Heroes and happy endings: Class, gender, and nation in popular film and fiction in interwar Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014).

Grandy, Christine, ‘Cultural history’s absent audience’, Cultural and Social History 16:5 (2019), 1–21.

Guha, Ranajit, Elementary aspects of peasant insurgency in India (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999).

Günther, Ernst and Dietmar Winkler, Zirkusgeschichte: Ein Abriß der Geschichte des deutschen Zirkus (Berlin: Henschelverlag, 1986).

Günther, Ernst, Sarrasani wie er wirklich war (Berlin: Henschelverlag, 1984).

Günther, Ernst, Sarrasani: Geschichte und Geschichten (Dresden: Edition Sächsische Zeitung, 2005).

Gusejnova, Dina, ‘Noble Continent? German-speaking nobles as theorists of European identity in the interwar period’, in M. Hewitson and M. D’Auria (eds), Europe in crisis: Intellectuals and the European idea, 1917–1957 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012), pp. 111–33.

Hajkowski, Thomas, The BBC and national identity in Britain, 1922–53 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010).

Hall, Catherine and Sonya O. Rose (eds), At Home with the empire: Metropolitan culture and the imperial world (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

Hall, Stuart, Essential essays, vol. 2: Identity and diaspora (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019).

Hanke, Sabine, ‘Between defiance and control: Wild animal performance in the interwar circus’, Early Popular Visual Culture 21:3 (2023), 383–96.

Hauner, Milan, Hitler: A chronology of his life and time (2nd revised edn, Basingstoke, 2008).

Hayes, Nick and Jeff Hill (eds), Millions like us? British culture in the Second World War (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999).

Heikkilä-Horn, Marja-Leena and Maynadi Kyaw, ‘From “giraffe women” to “long-necked Karen”: Kayan women’s journey to agency in the Thai-Myanmar borderlands’, Religiski-filozofiski raksti XXVI (2019), pp. 224–6.

Heinrich, Anselm, Entertainment, propaganda, education: Regional theatre in Germany and Britain between 1918 and 1945 (Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2007).

Hippisley Coxe, Antony, ‘The history of the circus’, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 104:4975 (1956), 414–17.

Hoffmann, Kathryn A., ‘Sleeping beauties in the fairground’, Early Popular Visual Culture 4:2 (2006), 139–59.

Holmes, Kate, ‘Aspirational circus glamour: Rethinking the circus grotesque through female aerialists of the inter-war period’, Early Popular Visual Culture 15:3 (2017), 299–314.

Holmes, Kate, ‘Marketing circus through personalization: Class and the celebrity images of John Ringling and Bertram Mills’, New Theatre Quarterly 34:3 (2018), 203–15.

Holmes, Kate, Female aerialists in the 1920s and early 1930s: Femininity, celebrity, and glamour (London: Routledge, 2022).

Horrall, Andrew, Popular culture in London, c. 1890–1918: The transformation of entertainment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001).

Huxley, David and David James, ‘Women used to be funny: Music hall and the threat of cinema, 1911–49’, Early Popular Visual Culture 11:3 (2013), 191–204.

Iriye, Akira, Cultural internationalism and world order (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).

Jädicke, Adolf, Hochwasser und Ueberschwemmung der Weißeritz (Plauen-Dresden: Petzschke & Gretschel, 1897).

James, Robert, Popular culture and working-class taste in Britain 1930–39: A round of cheap diversions? (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014).

Jansen, Wolfgang, Das Varieté: Die glanzvolle Geschichte einer unterhaltenden Kunst (Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1990).

Jenkins, Jennifer, ‘German Orientalism: Introduction’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 24:2 (2004), 97–100.

Just, Sascha, Christine Marks and Catherine M. Young, ‘Pages of remembrance: The memoir of Therese Renz, the “white lady” of European circus’, Early Popular Visual Culture 25:3 (2017), 284–98.

Jylkka, Katja, ‘“Witness the plesiosaurus”: Geological traces and the Loch Ness monster narrative, Configurations 26:2 (2018), 207–34.

Kämpchen, Martin, ‘Rabindranath Tagore and Germany’, Indian Literature 33:3 (1990), 109–40.

Kasson, Joy, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, memory, and popular history (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000).

Keck, Stephen L. ‘Picturesque Burma: British travel writing 1890–1914’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 35:3 (2004), 387–414.

Keck, Stephen L., British Burma in the new century, 1895–1918 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

Khoo Thwe, Pascal, From the lands of green ghosts: A Burmese odyssey (London: HarperCollins, 2002).

Krüger, Arnd, ‘Breeding, rearing and preparing the Aryan body: Creating supermen the Nazi way’, International Journal of the History of Sport 16:2 (1999), 42–68.

Kuhlmann, Jan, Subhas Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte (Berlin: Schiler, 2003).

Kundrus, Birthe, ‘Totale Unterhaltung? Die kulturelle Kriegsführung 1939 bis 1945 in Film, Rundfunk und Theater’, in Jörg Echterkamp (ed.) Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (Munich: DVA, 2005), pp. 93–157.

Kundrus, Birthe, ‘Colonialism, imperialism, National Socialism: How imperial was the Third Reich?’, in Bradley Naranch and Geoff Eley (eds), German colonialism in a global age (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014), pp. 330–46.

Kusnezow, Jewgeni, Der Zirkus der Welt (Berlin: Henschelverlag, 1970).

Kwint, Marius, ‘The legitimization of the circus in late Georgian England’, Past and Present 174 (2002), 72–115.

Kwint, Marius, ‘Circus’, in David Wiles et al. (eds), The Cambridge companion to theatre history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 210–25.

Lamont, Peter and Crispin Bates, ‘Conjuring images of India in nineteenth-century Britain’, Social History 32:3 (2007), 308–24.

Lewerenz, Susann, Geteilte Welten: Exotisierte Unterhaltung und Artist*innen of Color in Deutschland 1920–1960 (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2017).

Lorimer, Douglas A., ‘Race, science and culture: Historical continuities and discontinuities, 1850–1914’, in Shearer West (ed.), The Victorians and race (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1998), pp. 12–33.

Lunn, Kenneth, ‘Reconsidering “Britishness”: The construction and significance of national identity in twentieth-century Britain’, in Brian Jenkins and Spyros A. Sofos (eds), Nation & identity in contemporary Europe (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 83–100.

Lutz, Hartmut, ‘German Indianthusiasm: A socially constructed German national(ist) myth’, in Colin G. Calloway, Gerd Gemünden and Susanne Zantop (eds), Germans & Indians: Fantasies, encounters, projections (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), pp. 167–84.

Mackay, Robert, Half the battle: Civilian morale in Britain during the Second World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).

MacKenzie, John (ed.), Imperialism and popular culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986).

MacKenzie, John (ed.), European Empires and the people: Popular responses to imperialism in France, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Italy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011).

Malinowski, Bronislaw, Magic, science and religion, and other essays (2nd edn, Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1954).

Mandler, Peter, ‘The problem with cultural history’, Cultural and Social History 1:1 (2004), 94–117.

Manjapra, Kris K., ‘The illusions of encounter: Muslim “minds” and Hindu revolutionaries in First World War Germany and after’, Journal of Global History 1:3 (2006), 363–82.

Marchand, Suzanne L., German Orientalism in the age of empire: Religion, race, and scholarship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

McKernan, Luke, ‘A fury for seeing: Cinema, audience and leisure in London in 1913’, Early Popular Visual Culture 6:3 (2008), 271–80.

McKernan, Luke, ‘Diverting time: London’s cinemas and their audiences, 1906–1914’, The London Journal 32:2 (2008), 125–44.

Martin, Benjamin G., The Nazi-fascist new order for European culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016).

Märtin, Ralf-Peter, Wunschpotentiale: Geschichte und Gesellschaft in Abenteuerromanen von Retcliffe, Armand, May (Königstein i. T.: Hain, 1983).

Matera, Marc and Susan Kingsley Kent, The global 1930s: The international decade (London: Routledge, 2017).

Mauss, Marcel, ‘Techniques of the body’, Economy and Society 2:1 (1973), 70–88.

Mazumdar, Shaswati, ‘Introduction’, in Mazumdar (ed.), Insurgent sepoys: Europe views the revolt of 1857 (New Delhi: Routledge India, 2011), pp. 1–10.

McClintock, Anne, Imperial leather: Race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest (New York: Routledge, 1995).

Möhring, Maren, ‘Herrentiere und Untermenschen: Zu den Transformationen des Mensch-Tier-Verhältnisses im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland’, Historische Anthropologie 19:2 (2011), 229–44.

Mosse, George L., The image of man: The creation of modern masculinity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

Mosse, George L., Toward the final solution: A history of European racism (New York: H. Fertig, 1997).

Mukherjee, Rudrangshu, ‘Satan let loose upon earth: The Kanpur massacres in India in the revolt of 1857’, Past and Present 128 (1990), 92–116.

Myint-U, Thant, The making of modern Burma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Nathaus, Klaus, ‘Popular music in Germany, 1900–1930: A case of Americanisation? Uncovering a European trajectory of music production into the twentieth century’, European Review of History 20:5 (2013), 755–76.

Neuhaus, Volker, Der zeitgeschichtliche Sensationsroman in Deutschland 1855–1878: ‘Sir John Retcliffe’ und seine Schule (Berlin: Schmidt, 1980).

Nicholas, Sian, ‘The people’s radio? The BBC and its audience 1939–45’, in Nick Hayes and Jeff Hill (eds), Millions like us? British culture in the Second World War (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999), pp. 62–92.

Nolte, Paul (ed.), Die Vergnügungskultur der Großstadt: Orte – Inszenierungen – Netzwerke, 1880–1930 (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2016).

Otte, Marline, ‘Sarrasani’s theatre of the world: Monumental circus entertainment in Dresden, from Kaiserreich to Third Reich’, German History 17:4 (1999), 527–42.

Otte, Marline, Jewish identities in German popular culture, 1890–1933 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

Paxton, Nancy, Writing under the Raj: Gender, race, and rape in the British colonial imagination, 1830–1947 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999).

Penny, H. Glenn, ‘Elusive authenticity: The quest for the authentic Indian in German popular culture’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 48:4 (2006), 798–819.

Penny, H. Glenn, Kindred by choice: Germans and Americans since 1800 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015).

Platt, Len, Tobias Becker and David Linton (eds), Popular musical theatre in London and Berlin 1890–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

Poignant, Roslyn, Professional savages: Captive lives and Western spectacle (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).

Pollock, Sheldon, ‘Deep Orientalism? Notes on Sanskrit and power beyond the Raj’, in Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds), Orientalism and the postcolonial predicament: Perspectives on South Asia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), pp. 76–133.

Potter, Beth, ‘The national (hippo)drama: Empire and the nineteenth-century Scottish touring circus’, Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film 49:1 (2022), 29–55.

Potter, Pamela M., Art of suppression: Confronting the Nazi past in histories of the visual and performing arts (Oakland: University of California Press, 2016).

Purce, Emma, ‘Scales of normality: Displays of extreme weight and weight loss in Blackpool 1920–1940’, Cultural and Social History 14:5 (2017), 669–89.

Qureshi, Sadiah, Peoples on parade: Exhibitions, empire, and anthropology in nineteenth-century Britain (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011).

Ritvo, Harriet, The animal estate: The English and other creatures in the Victorian age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).

Ritzheimer, Kara, ‘Trash’, censorship, and national identity in early-twentieth-century Germany (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).

Roscher, Mieke, Ein Königreich für Tiere: Die Geschichte der britischen Tierrechtsbewegung (Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 2009).

Roscher, Mieke, ‘Veterinary medicine and animal welfare discourses in the Third Reich’, Food Ethics 1:3 (2018), 235–45.

Rose, Jacqueline, States of fantasy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).

Rose, Sonya O., Which people’s war? National identity and citizenship in Britain 1939–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Ross, Corey, ‘Mass culture and divided audiences: Cinema and social change in inter-war Germany’, Past and Present 193 (2006), 157–95.

Ross, Corey, Media and the making of modern Germany: Mass communications, society, and politics from the empire to the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

Rothfels, Nigel, Savages and beasts: The birth of the modern zoo (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).

Rowson, Simon, ‘A statistical survey of the cinema industry in Great Britain in 1934’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 99:1 (1936), 67–129.

Russell, Don, The lives and legends of Buffalo Bill (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960).

Rydell, Robert W. and Rob Kroes, Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the world (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2005).

Saha, Jonathan, ‘Among the beasts of Burma: Animals and the politics of colonial sensibilities, c. 1840–1940’, Journal of Social History 48:4 (2015), 910–32.

Said, Edward, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).

Said, Edward, ‘Imaginative geography and its representations: Orientalizing the Oriental’, in Timothy S. Oakes and Patricia L. Price (eds), The cultural geography reader (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 357–64.

Sax, Boria, Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, scapegoats, and the holocaust (New York: Continuum, 2000).

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