Sabine Hanke
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in Worlds of the ring
Chapter DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526175106.00014
Online Publication Date:
04 Feb 2025
Free access

Index

Aberdeen 117
Abra, Allison 19n.30, 47, 49n.8, 55n.114, 169, 177nn.4, 10, 178n.18, 181n.80
acrobatics 1, 5, 7, 22, 38, 48, 161
aerial performances 22, 48, 58, 76
agency 11–12, 16, 23, 70, 77, 82, 86, 91–2, 103–4, 112, 114, 116, 122, 142, 146–7, 148n.4, 171, 176
Alexander Musical Society 88
Alexandra Palace (London) 38
Alexandria 79
Aliens Movement Restriction Order (1940) 169
American Exhibition (1887) 132, 149n.12
American frontier 35, 137–8
American Indian 2, 11, 14–15, 21, 31, 39, 128–40, 142–4, 146, 164, 187, 189
Americanisation
of the circus 22–4, 186
of popular culture 31
Ames, Eric 79, 95nn.71, 74, 96n.83, 149n.10, 50nn.33, 39
Anarkalli
Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–26, 1852, 1885) 98, 100–1
animal dealer
animal handling
animal protection
animal trade 4, 16, 28, 51n.29, 57, 60, 78–80, 82, 90, 168, 187
see also Hagenbeck, John
animal training 4, 7, 31, 56, 58, 63–4, 66, 68–9, 79–80, 81–91, 187
animal trapping
animal welfare 15, 31, 56, 63, 69, 83–5, 88–9, 91
Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act (1822) 83
Performing Animals Act (1925) 31
Performing Animals’ Defence League (Britain) 56, 84
Reichstierschutzgesetz (Animal Welfare Act, 1933) 84
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 31, 83
animal-gentling method 4, 84
see also Hagenbeck, Carl
anti-British propaganda 89, 135, 155, 159–60, 164–7, 171, 173, 175–6, 190
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 161
anti-German propaganda 83, 89, 155, 164, 171
antisemitism 39, 52n.55, 68, 96n.97, 159– 60, 166, 186
Argentina 17, 37, 44, 183
Arrighi, Gillian 5, 18n.16, 22, 49n.6
Astley, Philip 5–7, 18n.13
audiences 1–2, 4–7, 11–12, 14, 16, 21–2, 27, 29–31, 38, 41–2, 45, 48, 56–9, 62–3, 66–70, 72–4, 86–92, 99–100, 102–3, 107, 111, 114, 119–23, 129–30, 134–5, 137, 146–8, 153–5, 159–60, 163, 168, 171–3, 175–6, 185–90
Austria 6, 58, 89, 159, 169
Auswärtiges Amt (German Foreign Office) 9, 55n.102, 161–2, 165
Baartman, Sara 103–4, 125n.22
Barnum and Bailey’s Circus 24, 61
Battle of Britain (1940) 155, 174
Bavaria 28
bayaderes 163
BBC 154, 158
Bear Lady
Beatty, Clyde 60, 82
Bebber, Brett 12, 22
Belgium 9, 149n.13, 168, 181n.75
Berlin 3, 36–7, 39, 85, 117, 168, 173
Bernard, Renée 16, 56–7, 62–3, 69–71, 73–7, 80–1, 83, 86, 91, 148, 153, 158, 163–4, 174, 188
Bertram Mills Circus 1–2, 4, 8, 12, 15–17, 21, 30–1, 33, 37–8, 41–4, 47, 57, 62, 67, 70–2, 82, 84, 91–2, 98, 100–2, 105, 107, 109, 112, 114–15, 117–18, 120–3, 129–30, 146, 153, 155–9, 163, 171, 173–5, 183, 186–7, 189–91
Beutler, Gustav Otto 39
big cat act 57, 59–60, 64, 66
Big Charge, William 141
see also Lakota
birds
Birmingham 62, 87–9, 114, 188
Blacaman, Pietro 70
Blackpool 88, 108, 168, 175
Blackpool Tower Circus 29
Blitz 155, 168–9, 174
Blüher, Bernhard 31
Boer War 173
Bogdan, Robert 20n.46, 104, 125n.23
bombing of Coventry (1940) 174
bombing of Dresden (1945) 2, 17
Bonavita, Captain Jack 60
Bose, Subhas Chandra 70, 167, 181nn.67, 68
Bourne, Patricia 82
Brazil 30, 44–6, 183
Breslau 39, 173
Bristol 115, 118, 168
British Empire 35, 78, 98, 100, 102–3, 105, 112, 120–3, 159, 167
and circus 6, 35, 105, 112, 121, 129, 188
and representation 108–9, 120
Brüning, Heinrich 11, 17n.7
Brussels 138, 143, 150n.45
Brussels Exhibition (1935) 143
Buenos Aires 17, 37, 45, 55n.104
Buffalo Bill 132, 134–5, 142, 145, 149nn.12, 13, 14, 150n.31
see also Wild West
buffaloes
Burma 8, 16, 92, 98–110, 112, 116, 119–23, 147, 188
Government of Burma Act (1935) 100
see also Padaung
Burmese Women’s League 120
Busch Circus (Berlin) 37, 150n.45, 153, 160
see also Busch, Paula
Busch Circus (Nuremberg) 51n.29, 179
see also Busch, Jacob
Busch, Jacob 29, 51n.29
Busch, Paula 160
cabaret 25–6, 50n.17, 159
camels
Cameron, Harry (magician) 41
Camillo Caroli Troupe 160
Carmeli, Yoram S. 5, 86
Carmo Circus 30, 41–2, 62, 87–8, 92n.1
see also Cameron, Harry
Casanova, Lorenzo 79
Ceylon 78, 80
Chaplin, Charlie 21
Cheltenham 117, 157
Chief Black Horn 31, 141
see also Lakota
Chinese acrobats 3, 98, 144, 161–2
Christianity 119
see also missionaries
cinema 3, 5, 21–2, 35, 38, 41, 48, 63, 65, 70, 74, 77, 80, 90–1, 153–4, 158, 172, 186–7
Circassian beauties 71
see also freak shows
Circo Sarrasani Shangri-La 17, 183
see also audiences
circus celebrities 16, 56, 58, 91
circus directors 1–2, 4, 6, 10–12, 22, 24–30, 32, 35–7, 39, 41, 48, 59, 62, 84, 90–1, 102, 114, 122, 129, 141, 147, 153–4, 156, 158–62, 164, 166–7, 173–4, 176, 183–4, 186, 189–90
circus fans 6, 30–1, 168, 190
Circus Fans Association 31
see also circus fans
circus handbills
circus programmes 3, 8, 12, 14, 16, 33, 53n.66, 69, 72, 87, 107, 136, 155, 157–9, 163–4, 173, 175–6, 190
circus proprietors
circus tent 2, 7, 9, 11, 24, 34, 37–8, 41, 43–4, 46–7, 55n.115, 87, 105, 119, 156, 186
City Hall (Manchester) 42
Cleopatra (1934) 74
clowning 5, 22, 48, 158
Coco (clown) 41
see also clowning
Cody, William
colonialism 7–10, 35, 60, 70, 78–82, 90–1, 100–4, 107, 109–10, 112, 120–2, 129, 134, 147, 164–6, 171, 173, 184, 187, 189–91
see also othering
commercial nationalism 154
see also Abra, Allison
concert 40, 154
Council for the Encouragement of Music and Arts 14
Court, Alfred 82, 85
Coventry
see Blitz
cowboys 16, 31, 34, 134–8, 145
see also Wild West
Coxe, Antony Hippisley 1
crocodiles
Crystal Palace (London) 38
cultural difference 8–10, 14, 30, 37, 57, 81, 89–91, 99, 154, 175, 185, 187–8, 191
Cumberlands 158
Darwin, Charles 81–3, 95n.80, 107, 110
Das Programm 3, 25
Davis, Janet 5, 22, 99, 111
decolonisation 7, 35, 90, 134, 187
Defence of the Realm Act (1914) 27
denazification 183
Denmark 6, 70, 155, 160
Depression 9, 49n.6
Great Depression (1929–1932) 15, 36, 41
Der Herr der Tiger (The Lord of the Tigers) 56, 58, 66
see also Kulovits, Georg
Devonport 117
Dhotre, Damoo 60–2
Direktorenverband 25, 186
dogs
Dreesbach, Anne 9
Dresden council 13, 26
Dresden tax department 13
Dunkirk 155
Earl of Lonsdale 30, 33
Earls Court (London) 26, 132
Ebert, Friedrich 45
Edinburgh 117, 156
Egypt 79
Elephant Man
elephants
Elgin 117
Elgin Avenue (London) 106
Empire Building (Glasgow) 156
Empress Hall (London) 156
ENSA
Entertainment Tax 27
Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA) 14, 156, 174, 189
equestrianism 5, 36, 145
Essen 142
ethnic drag 8, 60, 62, 162
ethnicity 100–1, 110
ethnographic shows 8, 11, 92, 98–9, 103, 107, 117, 123, 129, 132, 136, 147
see also freak shows
Exeter 118
exoticism 56–7, 70, 77, 81, 83, 90, 102, 119–20, 122, 129, 134, 136, 147, 158, 163, 166–7, 173
see also othering
Exposition Universelle (Paris 1889) 117
Fahrten und Abenteuer (Journeys and Adventures ) 143–6
Fairbanks, Douglas 65
fairground 5, 13, 24, 111, 132, 168, 184
fakir acts 62, 69–70, 73, 77, 163, 188
female fakirs 56–7, 62, 70, 73, 148, 153, 158, 175, 188
see also Bernard, Renée
film 3, 8, 21–2, 65, 70–1, 74, 77, 80, 91, 129, 136, 153–4, 156, 173–4
see also cinema
First World War 4, 8, 15–16, 23, 25–6, 28–9, 38, 44, 47–8, 55n.115, 56, 58, 70, 78, 84, 89–90, 98, 130–2, 153, 159, 164–5, 175, 185–6, 190
flying trapeze 21
Four Maniacs 158
see also clowning
France 6, 24, 61, 132
freak shows 98, 104–5, 107, 110–11, 113, 116
Frost, Thomas 29
fun fair 38
see also fairground
Gandhi, Mahatma 166–7
German East Africa 78–9
German Empire 7
German South West Africa 79
Ghosh, Dhurba 122
Ghost Bear, Sarah 142
see also Lakota
Ghost Dog, William 141–2
see also Lakota
giraffe-neck women 16, 98, 107, 109–10, 112, 115, 120–1, 187
see also Padaung
giraffes
Glasgow 117, 156
Gloucester 157
Goebbels, Joseph 85
Goedsche, Hermann 160, 165–6
Grass, James 141
see also Lakota
Graz 58
Great Exhibition (London, 1851) 117
Great Farini 98
Great Industrial Exposition (Berlin, 1896) 117
Great Yarmouth 175
Greece 79, 149n.13
Guildford 117
Hagenbeck company 78–9, 131–2, 168
Hagenbeck, Carl 4, 29, 78–80, 82, 84, 168
Hagenbeck, John 78–9
Hamburg 4, 39, 78, 95n.66, 160, 178n.31
Helios
Heliot, Claire 67
see also animal training
Hitler Youth 134
Hitler, Adolf 40, 133, 161
Holland 168
see also Netherlands
Holmes, Kate 30, 58, 76
horse dressage 5, 36
see also equestrianism
horses
Hottentot Venus
Hunt, William Leonard 98
hypnosis 57, 62, 70–2, 74, 188
imperialism 3, 9–10, 60, 99, 101–2, 119, 121, 123, 135–6, 184
and circus 99, 101
and representation 1, 7–9, 16, 23, 35, 48, 80, 98, 102–3, 129, 134, 143, 146, 148, 153–4, 185–8, 191
Indian independence 70
Indian jugglers 73, 163
Indian nationalism 71, 89, 160, 165–7
Indian National Congress 70
Indian uprising (1857) 164–5
Indianthusiasm 135
Indochina 98
Internationale Artisten-Loge (International Artists’ League) 24–5, 186
internationalism 16, 155, 161, 167, 174, 190
interwar era 1–6, 9, 15–16, 21–2, 27–8, 30, 32, 37, 44, 47–8, 56–7, 71, 74, 77–8, 81, 84, 90, 99–100, 110, 122–3, 128–30, 132, 134, 146–8, 154, 156, 163, 167–8, 170, 183–8
Intolerance (1916) 74
Ireland 62, 174
Italy 58, 70, 79, 132, 160–1
Jacobsen, Johan Friedrich 132
Japan 161
German-Japanese relations 161
Japanese performers 3, 98, 161
Jenkins, Jennifer 10
Jermark, Ernest W. 131, 141–2
Jewish circuses 4, 28–9, 186
juggling 3
Karen 100–1, 103, 110, 119
Karen National Association 101
see also Padaung
Kassala 79
Kayan
see Padaung
Kayes, Priscilla 82
Kendal 117
Khoo Thwe, Pascal 103, 105, 121
see also Padaung
Knight, Dame Laura 30
Kober, August Heinrich 45, 132–3
Kolzer Circus 28
Koringa
Krao, the missing link 98, 108
see also freak shows
Krone Circus 2, 59, 62, 68
see also Krone, Carl
Krone, Carl 29, 59
see also Krone Circus
Kulovits, Georg 16, 41, 56, 58–61, 64–6, 68–9, 78, 87, 148, 163–4, 187–8
Kulovits, Liselotte 62
Kundrus, Birthe 162
Lakota 13, 16, 26, 31, 92, 98, 119, 128–32, 135–8, 140–3, 147, 188–9
Lancashire 27
Latin America 11, 44–7, 187
Lea Bridge (London) 42
League of Nations 161
Leeds 119
Leipzig 78, 136, 138
leisure 3, 5, 10, 12, 17, 21, 24, 29, 38, 44, 48, 71, 86, 117, 185–6, 188
and commercialisation 5, 23, 29, 49
and cultural history 12, 22
wartime leisure 154–6, 158, 172, 175–6, 188–9
leopards
Lewerenz, Susann 165, 173
Liebknecht, Karl 134
lions
Loch Ness 71
Loikaw 103, 119, 121
Lomnitz 28
London 2, 5, 12, 21, 24, 26, 29–30, 38, 41–3, 48, 79, 88, 99, 105–7, 111, 117, 119–21, 132, 156, 169, 187, 189
Lone Bear, Sam 135
see also Lakota
Luton 43, 117
Lutz, Hartmut 135
see also Indianthusiasm
MacDonald, Ramsay 30
Mackay, Robert 154, 158
MacKenzie, John 9
magic 72–4, 77
Eastern magic 69, 73, 91
maharaja 33–4, 36
Manchester 42, 156, 172, 177n.4
Mannekin Pis (Brussels) 138, 150n.45
Mannheim 17, 183
mass entertainment 2, 4, 9–10, 15, 38–9, 162, 171, 185, 190–1
and war 26, 175, 190
Mass Observation 14, 155, 173
Matthies, Rudolf 82
May, Karl 15, 128–30, 133–5, 146
Mayer, Camilla 168
Meißen 2, 28
menagerie 29, 57–9, 88, 107
Mey, Fritz 17
Miller Ranch 101, 130–1
Mills, Bernard 32, 41–2, 174
Mills, Bertram W. 22, 27–33, 35, 37–9, 44, 48, 186
Mills, Cyril 13, 30, 32, 41–2, 62–3, 71, 157, 171, 174
Ministry of Labour (Britain) 56, 84
Ministry of Munitions 27
missionaries 102–3, 119
Mit Sarrasani in Südamerika 45
Monkey Girls
Monument to the Battle of the Nations (Leipzig) 136–8
Morecambe 157
Moritz Schäfer
Moroccan performers 3, 98
movies
see film
Mu Proa 113–15
see also Padaung
Mu Tha 121
see also Padaung
Munich 39, 59, 145
Münster 143–6
music hall 22, 24, 38, 40, 56, 73, 84–5, 169
Myanmar
see Burma
Nana Sahib 163–5
see also Nena Sahib
national identity 1, 6, 8–10, 15, 26, 33, 35, 39, 91, 99, 101, 123, 135, 137–8, 176, 184, 186, 188, 190
National Socialism 14, 36–7, 40, 56, 63, 68–9, 84–6, 91, 133–4, 159, 162, 166–7, 170–1, 173, 175, 189–90
see also Nazi New Order
nationalisation 187
nationalism 101, 135, 159, 184, 189–91
British nationalism
Burmese nationalism 105, 121
German nationalism 135, 138, 166, 171
Native American 8, 14, 16, 35, 123, 128–31, 133–4, 137, 141–2, 146, 148
see also Lakota
native kin 16, 128–9, 146, 148, 187
see also noble savage
Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes 156
Nazi New Order 161–2, 166, 189
Nehru, Jawaharlal 166–7
Nena Sahib circus play 36, 153, 155, 159–60, 162–4, 167, 171, 173–5, 190
Nena Sahib novel 160, 166
Netherlands 9
New York 71
Newcastle 117
Newport 157
noble savage 129, 147
see also native kin
Norway 70, 155
Ohm Krüger 174
Olympia Hall (London) 2, 21, 24, 26, 30–1, 38, 42–3, 47, 71, 105, 156
On the Road with Bertram Mills 102
Oriental 1, 16, 33, 35, 47, 56–7, 60, 62–3, 65–74, 76–7, 80–1, 83, 86–91, 98–100, 111–12, 117, 121, 161, 163–4, 166–7, 171, 173, 185, 187–8, 190–1
see also Orientalism
Orientalism 10, 63, 73, 78, 81, 83, 88, 141, 163, 167, 184–5, 189
see also othering
othering 3–4, 7–8, 10, 16, 39, 48, 56, 65, 71, 73, 81, 102–4, 107–9, 112, 117, 119, 123, 129, 134, 136, 139, 143, 147–8, 160–2, 173, 175–6, 184, 186, 188–9
Otte, Marline 5, 28–9, 39, 139
Oung, Ma May Hla 120
Our Dumb Friends League 88
see also animal welfare
P. T. Barnum’s American Museum 71
see also freak shows
Padaung 8, 13, 16, 92, 98–123, 124n.2, 129, 146–7, 188–9
Paraguay 183
Penny, H. Glenn 14, 133
People’s Palace (London) 38
performance animals 2–4, 6–9, 11, 16, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35–6, 38, 41, 44, 56–60, 62, 64–7, 69–75, 77–9, 82, 87–9, 116, 129, 139, 158–60, 163, 168, 172
pigs
Pine Ridge Reservation 16, 129–32, 135, 141
Plymouth 115, 119
polar bears
Portsmouth 118
Potter, Pamela M. 162
Prince Dhondu Pant Maratha
Prussia 28
Qureshi, Sadiah 9, 122
race 5, 7–8, 68, 85–6, 98–100, 110, 122, 132, 160, 184
racialization 15–16, 36, 56, 68–9, 77, 81, 84–6, 91, 99–100, 103, 108, 111–12, 122–3, 133, 146–7, 160–3, 165–7, 173, 189
RAF 168, 174
Reading 117
Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture) 14, 162
Reichsministerium für Propaganda und Volksaufklärung (The Propaganda Ministry) 162
Reichstheaterkammer (Reich Chamber of Theatre) 14, 159, 161
Reichswirtschaftsministerium (Reich Ministry of Economics) 9, 11
Retcliffe, Sir John 160, 166
Rivel, Charlie 21
Roma 85, 186
see also Sinti
Russia 57, 61
Sacred Hairy Family 98
Said, Edward 10
see also Orientalism
Salt March (1930) 70
Sarrasani Circus 1–2, 4, 10–13, 15–17, 21, 26, 28, 32, 35–7, 39–40, 42, 44–5, 47, 57, 62, 85, 89, 92, 123, 129–31, 134–7, 139, 141–2, 144–7, 153, 155, 162–3, 167, 173, 183, 187, 189, 191
Sawade, Richard 82
sawbwa 102
Saxony 39, 78, 149n.13
Schäfer, Moritz 66
Schuler, Henrique 46
Scotland 43, 71, 115, 117, 121, 187
Second World War 1, 14–17, 35, 85, 90–1, 148, 153–5, 159–60, 165, 170, 174, 184–5, 189
Serito, Giovannina 163
Sheffield 172
Sheikh (1921) 65, 70
Shohat, Ella 65, 74, 110
Shorty Mack 131
see also Miller Ranch 101
Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain 26, 32, 186
Shultz, Clarence 135
sideshow 13, 102, 105–7, 113–17, 136, 148, 187
Sinti 85
see also Roma
Sioux
see Lakota
Skegness 175
Smart, William 184
Smith, Lady Eleanor 67
snake charmer
snakes
Social Darwinism 85–6
South America
Southampton 157
Spain 6, 21, 132
Spider, Mark 135
Spitfire fund 168
Standing Bear, Henry 141
star acts 22, 48, 70, 187
Stark, Mabel 82
Stoddart, Helen 5, 7, 22
Stosch, Hans Erdmann Franz
Stosch-Sarrasani junior, Hans 11, 35–6, 160
see also Sarrasani Circus
Stosch-Sarrasani senior, Hans 2–4, 8, 11, 16, 21–2, 24, 27–9, 31–40, 45–6, 48, 129, 131–3, 139–40, 142, 145, 186
see also Sarrasani Circus
Stosch-Sarrasani, Maria 37
Stosch-Sarrasani, Trude 11, 17, 36–7, 183
see also Sarrasani Circus
Stratford-upon-Avon 157
Stratosphere girl
Sudan 79–80
see also animal trade
Swansea 157
Switzerland 6, 70
Tagore, Rabindranath 163
Tait, Peta 6, 60, 66, 77
Tanganyika 78
Taranda
Tex, Lola 59
Thailand 100, 122
theatre 5, 14, 22–3, 26, 28, 39–40, 47, 60, 134, 153–4, 156–7, 159, 162, 169
see also variety theatre
Thief of Bagdad 65–6, 70
Thode-Arora, Hilke 9
tigers
Togare
transnationalism 1, 6, 9, 22, 184
travelling circus 41–4, 47–8, 72, 87, 117, 156–7, 174
Treaty of Versailles 7, 15, 35
Treitel, Richard 24
Trendelenburg, Ernst 11
Tripartite Pact (1940) 161
Trudgen Dawson, Sandra 29–30
Two-Two, Edward 135
see also Lakota
United Kingdom Van Dwellers Association
Upper Styria 58
Uruguay 46
USA 4, 6, 8, 22–4, 48, 49n.6, 52n.42, 59, 61, 71, 74, 80–2, 96n.97, 111, 116, 128, 130–5, 137–8, 141–3, 147, 157, 170, 183, 186
see also Americanisation
Valentino, Rudolph 65
see also Sheikh (1921)
Van Amburgh, Isaac 59
Variety Artists Federation 25
variety theatre 25–6, 41, 73, 119, 136, 159, 170, 174
Wadlow, Robert 104, 125n.23
see also freak shows
Wales 132, 172
War Office (Britain)
Waverley Market (Edinburgh) 156
Webster, Wendy 159, 169–70
Wegmann, A. 144
Wild West 129, 132–3, 138
Wild West shows 16, 21, 129–30, 132, 134
Wild West stories 128, 130, 133
see also May, Karl
Williamson, Stanley 13, 101–5, 115–16, 120
Winnetou 134
see also May, Karl
Worcester 157
World’s Fair (newspaper ) 4, 13–14, 27, 41–4, 84, 88, 113, 167–8, 170, 185
world’s fairs 8, 103
yogi 70, 73
Yorkshire 27
youth protection (Schmutz- und Schunddebatte ) 143–5
Yrigoyen, Hipólito 47
Zantop, Suzanne 134
zoological gardens 3, 78–9, 82, 88, 119, 136
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Worlds of the ring

Nation and empire in the British and German circus

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Cover Framing the moron

Framing the moron

The social construction of feeble-mindedness in the American eugenic era

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01 Nov 2015
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Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900–30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists.

This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are utilized to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.
Cover Churchyard and cemetery

Churchyard and cemetery

Tradition and modernity in rural North Yorkshire

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Julie Rugg

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01 Nov 2015
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This book reviews the burial history of central North Yorkshire. In exploring the social history of burial in rural areas, the book aims to encompass some of the principles underpinning 'l'histoire des mentalites'. The book considers the issue of churchyard closure. Churchyard closure generally signalled that burial space was made available elsewhere, and in most cases before 1894 this meant that the churchyard itself had been extended. The book reviews the incidence of churchyard extension, which was commonplace during the nineteenth century. The Burial Acts introduced legislation that permitted vestries to establish burial boards, which could raise loans repayable through the rates to fund the laying out of new cemeteries. In central North Riding, a total of eighteen burial boards were in operation before 1894, and the book reviews in detail the operation of the ten largest boards in that group. The Burial Acts maintained and even strengthened the hold of the Church of England on burial space, by substantially increasing the amount of consecrated land under its control. The book also addresses the contention that the new legislative context for burial in the twentieth century might then introduce the opportunity for a substantial centralisation of burial provision. Finally, the book reviews the pattern of burial provision in 2007 compared with 1850, and concludes that there is evidence of both continuity and change.
Cover Church polity and politics in the British Atlantic world, c. 1635–66

Church polity and politics in the British Atlantic world, c. 1635–66

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The debate on the polity of the church was at the centre of the religious debates in the British Atlantic world during the middle decades of the seventeenth-century. From the Covenanter revolution in Scotland, to the congregationalism of the New England colonies, to the protracted debates of the Westminster assembly, and the abolition of the centuries-old episcopalian structure of the Church of England, the issue of the polity of the church was intertwined with the political questions of the period. This book collects together essays focusing on the conjunction of church polity and politics in the middle years of the seventeenth century. A number of chapters in the volume address the questions and conflicts arising out of the period’s reopening and rethinking of the Reformation settlement of church and state. In addition, the interplay between the localities and the various Westminster administrations of the era are explored in a number of chapters. Beyond these discussions, chapters in the volume explore the deeper ecclesiological thinking of the period, examining the nature of the polity of the church and its relationship to society at large. The book also covers the issues of liberty of conscience and how religious suffering contributed to a sense of what the true church was in the midst of revolutionary political upheaval. This volume asserts the fundamental connection between church polity and politics in the revolutions that affected the seventeenth-century British Atlantic world.