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1370s saw the war with France, in which Edward III had enjoyed such conspicuous success for much of his reign, turn decisively against the English, and failure abroad brought in its wake a renewal of political discord and government insolvency at home. These problems were to haunt Richard during his minority. Disagreements over foreign policy, chronic financial instability, and the intensification of parliamentary
Sancho valued Rodrigo Díaz so highly, with great esteem and affection, that he made him commander of his whole military following. 9 So Rodrigo throve and became a most mighty man of war, and Campeador in the household of King Sancho. In every battle which King Sancho fought with King Alfonso, at Llantada and Golpejera, and defeated him, Rodrigo bore the king’s royal standard, and distinguished himself
houses, to the very great impoverishment of your same kingdom in this matter, which God forbid. May it please your most noble and most gracious lordship to consider that at the beginning of the war which arose between the said kingdoms, they were, from all the possessions which your lieges then held by gift of your noble progenitors in parts overseas within the jurisdiction of
The River Sulla. 7 Brucato was destroyed in the fourteenth-century wars and the site abandoned, Backman (1995) , 32. 8 ‘Iron rock’; modern Campofelice di Roccella lies a little inland. 9
seeking to enforce their authority over their suffragan sees and were keen to extend their provinces further. Thus, Oviedo, along with León and Palencia, was declared a suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of Toledo by Pope Urban II in 1099, but after an appeal to Rome was granted a privilege of exemption by Paschal II in 1105. 21 The battle was won, but not the war. Some time between 1109 and 1113
king, especially at times of war. However, in the decades leading up to the Dissolution, the involvement of the Crown in monastic affairs became increasingly pressing. One manifestation of this was the greater public role now required from many superiors, such as the abbot of Tavistock. But these years also saw greater Crown intervention in monastic affairs, including interference in
the fortune of war died before his brother. He was earl of the Isle of Wight and was afterwards made earl of Devon. Edward II [le Despenser], the son of that Edward, succeeded Hugh III and joined himself in marriage to the lady Elizabeth, the daughter of the lord Bartholomew Burghersh, by whom he begot Edward III [le Despenser] – who died aged twelve at Cardiff, but is buried at Tewkesbury
difficulty. 27 The most enduring (although not the only) rising of the 1430s occurred at Bruges. 28 In the following decade tension between the ducal regime and Ghent developed from 1447, and led to a bloody war which was not settled in the duke’s favour until 1453 [ 13, 14 ]. 29 Charles the Bold’s accession witnessed revolts in a number of towns, including Mechelen and Ghent [ 15
, which wished these to exist not as one but as two [powers]’. 77 The polemical writings of the Lotharingian monk Sigebert of Gembloux contain a careful analysis of Gregorian innovations. ‘All [the popes] from Gregory I onwards were content to use only the spiritual sword, until the last Gregory, that is Hildebrand, who first girded himself – and by his example, other popes – with the sword of war
Appeals were also used in the civil law, especially in enforcing the laws of war [68] , which covered not only safe-conducts, ransoms and armorial bearings, but treason too. 19 Those cases were heard in the Court of Chivalry, presided over by the Constable of England. In 1388 the Constable was Thomas, duke of Gloucester. But Gloucester and his allies had made their appeal before