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and economics meant that Canada remained the major destination. 9 In nineteenth-century children’s literature emigration was celebrated within a broader narrative of imperial adventure. From such stories white-settler boys learnt that ‘the empire proffered an amazing array of exciting places where they could test their mettle’. 10 Prominent authors such as Captain Frederick
The distance and difficulty of transmission, as well as the prohibitive costs involved in collection, had traditionally regulated news of the Indian empire. It was considered a great achievement when, in 1797, regular monthly communication was established between India and London via Basra and Aleppo. In 1825 the mails from Calcutta to Falmouth took nearly four
60 2 Empire, migration and the NHS The establishment and development of the NHS in the post-war period coincided with the dismantling of the British Empire. Colonial-era language or parallels have been used at times to describe the relationship between the NHS and the migrant labour it has relied on.1 However, the development of the British healthcare system and the impact and legacy of the Empire are two closely linked phenomena that historians have rarely considered together.2 The same can be said of the history of post-war migration to the UK and the
economy posed a frustrating challenge to rising expectations. Consent to bourgeois rule had been built upon an expanding empire and a consumerist economy. The perceived failure of both those undertakings precipitated a crisis of hegemony in which the grounds for consensus were thrown open for renegotiation. Imperialist energies, for example, were redirected into social reform, and in both social imperialism and the ideology of
exchange. Personal mobility likewise provided Macintosh with the opportunity to apply principles forged in the West Indies in the 1760s to the political problems of the East Indies in the 1770s. Macintosh and his ideas were, therefore, rarely stationary in Britain’s eighteenth-century empire. The circulation and reception of Macintosh’s political vision, particularly as it was outlined in Travels , depended on specific assessments of his candour and authoritativeness; who he was, and what his experience of empire had been, were vital questions in determining his
unresolved. 5 Gilley argues that the principal opposition to the Irish was due to a view of their nationalism as narrow and parochial against the supranationalism of the British Empire. It is this comment which gives us the imperial context; the idea of Ireland judged in relation to its attitude to the Empire. The imperial dimension is a vital element in
Studies of imperialism and popular culture have richly documented the pervasive presence of the symbols and rituals of empire in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain. This celebration of British global preeminence included not just the formalised theatrics of monarchy and empire, most notably in the Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1887 and 1897, but also the
came from William Cadbury, the chocolate manufacturer, who depended for supplies on cocoa plantations, some of the largest located in São Tomé. A 1905 trip by Cadbury to São Tomé and Angola to investigate labour recruitment created considerable negative international publicity. The royal tour was intended to challenge these findings; the conflict was one of the ‘tensions of empire’. 2
The materiality of building projects reveals more about the different allegiances of a colony than can be seen just from looking at the expressed ideas of the colonizers. In the following case local material culture was present in all the projects the French undertook. The architecture of Pondichéry at the Indian Coromandel Coast was supposed not only to represent the French empire, but also to establish the settlement as an imperial city in the Indian state system. Buildings represented the material cultures of France, India, and Tamil people
feat, his warning that Dentz was determined to resist any invasion helped persuade Catroux that the only remaining option was a major land invasion involving Free French and British empire forces. 28 The likelihood that the Levant army would mount some resistance also added to Churchill’s enthusiasm for an unequivocal British guarantee regarding Syrian and Lebanese