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. Moreover, important topics or questions remain to be explored by further research, including the practical ways in which humanitarianism can engage in gender-transformative action, its complementarity to the longstanding work of feminist activists, and the relationship between humanitarian action and other cultural identity factors, such as race, ethnicity, class, caste, age, disability and legal status. Definitions Building on Enloe (2004 : 4
International Development Studies ’, in de Jong , S. , Icaza , R. and Rutazibwa , O. U. (eds), Decolonization and Feminisms in Global Teaching and Learning ( London : Routledge ), pp. 192 – 214 . Sabaratnam , M. ( 2017 ), Decolonising Intervention: International Statebuilding in Mozambique ( London : Rowman & Littlefield International ). Wekker , G. ( 2016 ), White Innocence: Paradoxes of Colonialism and Race ( Durham, NC : Duke University Press ).
of the humanitarian lens or its subjects as racialised (‘race’ does not even appear in the index, while ‘gender’ has ten entries). 2 Fehrenbach’s theme sets the stage for one of the most influential episodes in the twentieth century iconography of humanitarianism: Biafra. Heerten’s essay on Biafra and Holocaust imagery in Humanitarian Photography provides one of the case studies, but it is only a glimpse into the much broader take on Biafra provided by
centuries of violence upon non-white populations in the name of the ‘enlightened spirit’, it would also be reworked into more racially sensitive and objective ways 6 . As liberal replaced race with culture and class with entitlement, so the advent of a globally ambitious claim to govern all planetary life could overcome all claims to sovereign integrity by appealing directly to the notion that underdevelopment was dangerous. While violence was therefore complex, since complex systems were less about linear root causes and more about states of dynamic connection and
: Routledge ), pp. 153 – 68 . Briggs , L. ( 2003 ), ‘ Mother, Child, Race, Nation: The Visual Iconography of Rescue and the Politics of Transnational and Transracial Adoption ’, Gender & History , 15 : 2 , 179 – 200 . Burman , E
discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress’ ( ICRC, 2016 ). Other humanitarian codes of conduct contain similar principles. Discrimination in humanitarianism is restricted to triage – where the most effective intervention can be made on the basis solely of need. Humanitarians might, of course, be less than assiduously moral in treating those whose lives they are
. Tornhill , S. ( 2019 ), The Business of Women’s Empowerment – Corporate Gender Politics in the Global South ( London : Rowman & Littlefield ). Turner , L. ( 2019 ), ‘ #Refugees Can Be Entrepreneurs Too!’ Humanitarian, Race and the Marketing of Syrian refugees ’, Review of International
sexualities, gender identities, and gender expressions, and differentiations along lines of class, race, ethnicity, caste, nationality and ability, among others. To provide services to ‘men’ or ‘men and boys’ as if they were a monolithic category would be to repeat the mistakes that are often made in the provision of ‘women-friendly’ services, which in practice are often ‘straight and cisgender women-friendly’ ( Jolly, 2011 ; e.g. see Chynoweth, 2019b : 63). Trans women, trans
-rackete-sea-watch-kapitaenin-menschenrechte-heldin (accessed 19 April 2020). Fekete , L. , Webber , F. and Edmond-Pettitt , A. ( 2017 ), Humanitarianism: The Unacceptable Face of Solidarity ( London : Institute of Race Relations ). Fekete , L. , Webber , F. and Edmond-Pettitt , A. ( 2019 ), When Witnesses Won’t Be Silenced: Citizens’ Solidarity and Criminalisation ( London : Institute of Race Relations ). Fiori , J. ( 2019 ), ‘ Rescue and Resistance in the Med: An Interview with Caroline Abu Sa’Da, General Director of SOS MEDITERRANEE Suisse ’, Journal of Humanitarian Affairs , 1 : 1
the theoretical and methodological input public historians may provide them on modes of visual presentation or newer paradigms such as inclusion and cultural participation (see Lücke and Zündorf, 2018 ). A public history lens, this essay suggests, also shows that, historically, Red Cross museums had their troubles to address the blind spots of humanitarian practice, including the themes of colonialism, race, power, cross-cultural paternalism, or the