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suitable in the African context. The flexible approach coheres with the other flexibilities exemplified in the approach of the Commission on participants in the human rights venture, etc. The Commission’s Mission to Senegal to look at the situation of the Casamance is also instructive.64 Casamance is a small area of Senegal between Gambia and Guinea-Bissau, comprising Ziguinchor and Kolda, two of the eight administrative regions of Senegal; the area is almost completely separated from Senegal by Gambia. Several movements for the independence of Casamance arose from the 1960
authors of this book do not wish to weigh in on this debate, only to note that this idea has a larger following than the authors of this book. See, e.g. , Kylie Burns & Terry Hutchinson, “The Impact of ‘Empirical Facts’ on Legal Scholarship and Legal Research Training,” 43 Law Teacher 153 (2009) . 125 If authors, like Loevinger, argue that such measurements represented the start of an empirical revolution in law in the 1960s, the growth of empirical work in law mushroomed
sanctions directed at Southern Rhodesia, the representative of Jordan characterised the declaration of independence by the white minority regime as an ‘invasion of the rights of the majority’ that had to be addressed as a threat to the peace by the Council. 40 With threats to the peace emerging out of struggles for independence in the 1960s in former colonies in Africa such as Southern Rhodesia and the Congo, the Security Council managed to respond despite the Cold War limitations upon it. This made it clear that the Security Council was not simply concerned with
developments after 1958 that influenced the negotiators of UNCLOS to devote more attention to protection of the marine environment than the negotiators of the Geneva Conventions include the growth of environmentalism from the late 1960s onwards; early instances of large-scale oil pollution caused by tanker accidents – the Torrey Canyon in 1967 and the Amoco Cadiz in 1978; and growing awareness during
oysters, clams, abalone and coral, are clearly treated as continental shelf resources. 47 (Sedentary species are expressly excluded from the resources to which the regime of the EEZ applies: UNCLOS art. 68.) It was, however, controversial whether crabs and lobsters fell within the definition of sedentary species; and this controversy gave rise to several disputes during the early 1960s, such as the USA
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) price rises of the early 1970s went hand in hand with the pursual by OPEC of a participation policy whereby, by negotiation or nationalisation, OPEC members acquired progressively a shareholding in their own oil industries. 25 And in the newly independent states of Africa and Asia economic nationalism held sway from the 1960s through to the early 1980s
dissatisfaction with the 3-mile limit, but were not publicly admitted by States claiming only 3 miles. For example, until the late 1960s, when the practice seems to have been abandoned, the United Kingdom often issued protests saying that ‘His Majesty’s Government are obliged to place firmly on record that they do not recognise territorial jurisdiction over waters outside the limit of three miles from the coast
the potentially divisive problem of member states paying for activities they might disapprove of. This problem is exacerbated if the dissenting state is contributing a larger proportion of the finances than any other state. These tensions have not only occurred in recent times with the United States owing the UN considerable amounts of arrears, but they shook the UN to its core in the 1960s with France and the Soviet Union refusing to pay the expenses relating to peacekeeping forces (the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) and the United Nations Operation in
State jurisdiction on the high seas, particularly when considered alongside other international agreements providing comparable powers to board and search foreign ships on the high seas in other contexts. 110 Unauthorised broadcasting A further exception to the exclusivity of flag State jurisdiction concerns unauthorised broadcasting on the high seas. In the early 1960s a number
by the 1960s it was realised that seabed mining was a commercial possibility. Subsequently, polymetallic sulphide deposits (composed of copper, zinc, lead, iron, silver and gold) were discovered and, more recently, ferromanganese crusts (rich in cobalt, and also comprising platinum and rare earth elements, besides nickel and manganese). Whilst costly and technologically challenging, mining these resources remains