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voluntary participants in organised walks in the wild (Richardson et al., 2016 ) can be due to other causes than meeting of an innate need for contact with nature. Similarly, the observation by Chang et al. ( 2020 ) that users of social media share more pictures of nature in relation to leisure and vacation activities does not prove the biophilia theory. A more detailed critical
starting quarrels, such ‘trolls’ destroy the quality of discussion in social media platforms ( Herring et al., 2002 ). Fake news, alternative facts and filter bubbles are thus the means and the effects of rightist populists endangering basic democratic values ( Cooke, 2017 ; Schweiger, 2017 ). As populists profit from social disunion they impede the public, discursive and rational negotiation of political issues. Populist political styles create emotional effects to win votes. Interestingly, the new right seem to have internalised the antagonistic spirit that
approach. New forms of ‘liveness’ are being called into effect by the technological assemblage around social media (Van Es, 2016). But, despite an intensifying narrative around ‘real-time’ digital capabilities, little attempt has been made to unpack such claims to technological immediacy. Also, despite routinely hyperbolic promises of ‘live’ data streams, ‘background’ updates and ‘reflexive’ systems, most digital users are faced with intermittent or incomplete Introduction: mapping times 13 data streams, intrusive or unwarranted updates and largely unresponsive
anywhere on the planet – volunteering their geolocation for public viewing on social media. Likewise, even seemingly unrelated practices like buying a house (landed capital investment) are now informed by digital maps. Property searches offer ready spatialisation of public datasets (school reports, crime statistics and boundary areas) set against the property type. Homebuyers now have the ability to narrow their shortlist criteria and create their own mapping prior to viewing, destabilising the sales practices of estate agents. Alongside complex developments in the
beautified neglected spaces across 141 142 Urban gardening and the struggle for justice New York City in the 1970s. The creation of the website guerrillagardening. org, by Richard Reynolds in 2004, brought the guerrilla gardening movement up to date, widening its profile and enabling participants to connect through the internet and social media before carrying out any action (Reynolds, 2008). The movement has grown rapidly, with social media enabling guerrillas to share and plan action on a scale never seen before; but even so the guerrilla focus on edible
, locals and incomers. The increasing resources available online through the Internet, through public databases and even through commercial organisations offering to help trace family histories have made this view of the past all much more accessible. Social media, including the sharing of photographs on Facebook pages and Facebook groups have helped generate shared interests in revisiting
indicates his nationality or rank. Many descriptions on social media nonetheless assume that this is one of the ‘few’ – the RAF pilots who fought in the Battle of Britain. This is understandable – the Spitfire pilot has become a powerful personification of the English character, depicted as defiant, plucky and brave; the Spitfire itself has become a design icon, regarded as elegant and agile, a triumph of flowing, British organicism over the modern rationality of German engineering. 21 Manufactured initially by Supermarine
weather or disease maps), or else sought to build and expand upon it (e.g. various social media-based reaction maps). A tension thus exists between the formalisation of time, and its informal destabilisation. Michiel de Lange’s chapter complicates this unstable notion of temporality. Discussing the problematics of the smart city dashboard’s ‘real-time’, he builds on sociologist Barbara Adam’s (2008) work to further disassemble the idea of temporal instability. He argues for an asynchronous approach to the city that ‘highlights latency, recurrence, deferred understanding
enthusiastically embraces the label, as evidenced by Koutonin's ( 2015 ) article cited above, and the many people who pointed me to it to articulate their discomfort with the racialised uses of expatriate. Critical scholarship on privileged migration, as well as heated debates waged in news and social media, have addressed the racialised and classed politics of the category expatriate, and might be partly responsible for its decreased use and replacement with alternative labels such as ‘internationals’ ( Chapter 5 ). However, while highlighting the category's ongoing enlistment
which circumvents administrative constraints on NGOs’ outreach is the internet (social media, microblogging and emails), which is an important tool for contacting migrant workers and potential donors. Some other spatial tactics noted during the fieldwork concerned the circumvention of restrictions on overseas financial transfers put in place by the 2010 regulation. Activists, the media and academics have argued that this particular regulation had an adverse effect, especially on small grassroots NGOs (Davis, 2010 ; Ford, 2010 ), as it mounted