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investigation into the alleged involvement of individuals in human trafficking and abetting illegal migration. Two other prosecutors also launched inquiries of their own, in Palermo and Cagliari. Several MSF staff were informed they were under investigation, although none have been charged, as were staff of Save the Children. Similar accusations were made by senior government ministers in Belgium ( Baczynska, 2017 ), in Austria ( Die Presse , 2017 ) and
) . 11 DV/IPV – Domestic Violence/Intimate Partner Violence. 12 See Pillay (2001) . Works Cited Ager , A. ( 2014 ), ‘ Health and Forced Migration ’, in Fiddian-Qasmiyeh , E. , Loescher , G
), ‘Early Childhood Development and Early Learning for Children in Crisis and Conflict’ , Background paper prepared for the 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report : Migration, Displacement and Education: Building Bridges, Not Walls , https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000266072.locale=en (accessed 1 August 2021 ). WHO (World Health Organization), UNICEF, World Bank Group ( 2018 ), Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development: A Framework for Helping Children Survive and Thrive to Transform Health and Human Potential ( Geneva
ecosystem ( McKenzie, 2022 ). At the same time, restrictive and non-conducive regulations limit the extent to which intermediation can turn digital refugee livelihoods into economic self-reliance. Often precariously positioned in the narrow space between non-conducive regulations and the internet economy, digital livelihoods initiatives become brokers that provide access, while innovating practical workarounds. Brokerage has long been used to analyse labour migration ( Kaur, 2012
Introduction ‘Financial inclusion’ has become the cause du jour for several humanitarian players in the forced migration space. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) 2018 Global Compact on Refugees called for financial inclusion as a means to support ‘self-reliance’, which they define as ‘the social and economic ability of an individual, household or community to meet essential needs in a sustainable manner and with dignity
‘crisis’ and crisis narratives around migration both demanded and permitted radical measures ( Jeandesboz and Pallister-Wilkins, 2016 ). This ‘fueled demands for new ways of tracking, mapping and predicting human mobility’ ( Taylor and Meissner, 2020 ). Attention to the potential for authoritarian policing, tracking and surveillance – not just of migrant but also of domestic and foreign populations – and the attendant legal and human rights
Berlin ’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 48 : 11 , 2642 – 58 . UNHCR ( 2022 ), ‘ Digital Inclusion ’ webpage, UNHCR Innovation Service , www.unhcr.org/innovation/digital-inclusion/ (accessed 11 August 2022
, www.refugee-economies.org/assets/downloads/Principles_for_Ethical_Humanitarian_Innovation_-_final_paper.pdf (accessed 25 November 2019) . White , B. T. ( 2019 ), ‘ Refuge and History. A Critical Reading of a Polemic’ , Migration and Society: Advances in Research , 2 , 107 – 18 , doi: 10.3167/arms.2019.020111 .
the normative and security implications of such digital engagement, with a predominant focus on border and migration management ( Latonero and Kift, 2018 ; Ajana, 2019 ; Cheesman, 2022 ), data privacy and usage, biometrics ( Jacobsen, 2015 ; Završnik, 2019 ), and the concept of digital identities. As Latonero and Kift (2018 :1) explain, Refugees today not only depend on a physical but increasingly also on digital
positions. There is a need to further study the relations that form the basis for civic and socially embedded humanitarianism. Tazzioli and Walters (2019) clearly distinguish between solidarity work and the professionalised humanitarian system. They caution against conflating the two, as migrant solidarity networks have often been criminalised, while the professionalised humanitarian systems often work with the state on migration governance and are complicit in the