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Party, called some events run by Tablighi Jamaat ‘corona jihad’. 35 Member of the Sharjah royal family and businesswoman Sheikha Hend Faisal Al Qassimi called out Saurabh Upadhyay, an Indian national working in the UAE in April 2020, for being ‘openly racist and discriminatory’. 36 She went on to publish a front-page opinion piece in the Gulf News titled ‘I pray for an India without hate and Islamophobia’. 37 In
phones belonging to celebrities, members of the royal family and teenage murder victim Milly Dowler, Cameron’s absence was attacked by both Conservative and opposition politicians. Journalists later reflected that Cameron seemed to have a gift for being out of the country – specifically in Africa – at just the wrong moment, referencing his 2007 trip to Rwanda as a case in point (Ashcroft and Oakeshott, 2015 ; Watt, 2011 ). Nevertheless, though the 2011 tour was cut from four days to two, with visits to Rwanda and newly independent South Sudan dropped from the agenda
UK would host an African Investment Summit in 2019 and that the UK seeks to become the largest G7 investor in Africa by 2022. Senior members of the British Royal Family also increased their footfall in Africa in 2018, with the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall visiting Gambia, Ghana and Nigeria; the Duke of Cambridge going to Tanzania, Kenya and Namibia, and the Duke of Sussex to Zambia. Overall though, despite these high-profile engagements, core political interest in Africa has actually declined. The party
regimes. Many of these inspired young men coalesced around Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden became angered when the Saudi royal family chose the United States and its allies to protect the Kingdom from the threat of an Iraqi invasion after the latter’s seizure of neighboring Kuwait in the summer of 1990.49 The result of operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm was the liberation of Kuwait from Saddam Hussein’s grasp and the elimination of the Iraqi threat to the Saudis. The following year, under pressure from the Kingdom, bin Laden and his followers departed for the Sudan
through a cultural lens somewhat distorted by assumptions and caricatures of Britishness common in the United States at the time. Foremost among these was the idea of British respectability – an image no doubt enhanced by the presence of Alec Douglas-Home in 10 Downing Street in early 1964, a man his predecessor Harold Macmillan referred to as ‘the old governing class at its best.’ 94 When viewed as part of a broader caricature of Britishness based on the royal family and afternoon tea, it was inconceivable for many American commentators to view the Beatles as a threat
example, Douglas Chalmers, 1977 . Although Chalmers was discussing Latin America, his idea of the politicized state can also be applied to the Middle East, where royal families or other groups tied together for various reasons have seized control of the state and held on to power with no intention of giving it up willingly. REFERENCES
or are Gulf-based, oil-linked or banking firms. Rent and indirect taxation such as import duties relieve most states of dependency on the bourgeoisie for tax revenues, which might give the latter the leverage to demand a share of power, and business is often quite dependent on the state (for contracts, licenses, etc.). Business lacks the institutionalised access and clout it enjoys in developed capitalist states: in the authoritarian republics, the military and bureaucracy and in the monarchies, royal families dominate foreign policy making. In more liberal states
attack from within the region, and by a Balkan assassin on a member of the Austrian royal family. World War II as well as the communist period created a situation in which the region was torn by both local and outside forces. The answer to the opening question about why stability has now set in is related to a variety of factors. Both Bulgaria and Albania entered NATO in part because of wars in Afghanistan