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, as Vaughan Lowe wrote in his obituary, ‘his combination of intellectual honesty and principled common sense’ and ‘[h]is gift was, and always had been, to make his analysis of a problem seem obvious’.2 The Context In order to better understand Sir Robert Jennings’ thought about the acquisition of territory in international law, it is worth mentioning the context in which this book was written at the beginning of the 1960s. Two major elements must be taken into account: the case law and the process of decolonization. The decade prior to this book’s publication had
tightening of abortion laws in Poland after 1989 is probably the best example of difference). The national conservatives dreaming of a strong nation-state in politics all too often paid homage to the pre-1960s moral agenda. On the other hand, among those disillusioned with the West we also find anti-communist liberals, for example Czech President Vaclav Klaus. The politician was baffled
developed to the extent that was later seen in the 1960s.95 The Irish educated and legal community would also have been very See S.L. Paulson, ‘Constitutional Review in the United States and Austria: Notes on the Beginnings’ (2003) 16 (2) Ratio Juris 223, who also recommends the following; Franz Weyr, ‘Der Tschechoslowakische Staat’ (1922) 11 Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart 351. 92 See David Deener, ‘Judicial Review in Modern Constitutional Systems’ (1952) 46 (4) The American Political Science Review 1079, 1085. 93 J.M. Kelly, ‘Grafting Judicial
promoters on screen. Rather, the film shows that political obstacles can be overcome with sufficient persistence. A similar story is told in the Labyrinth of Lies and The People versus Fritz Bauer where Germany appears unwilling to secure the arrest and the trial of Adolf Eichmann and Josef Mengele as well as many other Nazis who have comfortably reintegrated the amnesic German society of the 1960s. 35 These films mostly denounce the unwillingness of German intelligence, police and prosecutors who believe that the country should not dwell on the past. In both cases
principle of self-determination. The issue has been hotly debated since the 1960s, but what is not so fully appreciated is that nationalism has been a dominant force in European political thinking and public life since the beginning of the nineteenth century. International lawyers have had to consider it when they examined questions of title to territory and treaty obligations in the course of the nineteenth century. So a study of the issues of nationalism and self-determination in, primarily European, international relations should reveal the extent to which legal
– but none had ever won. The cinematic work of director Paweł Pawlikowski referred to the debate on the Polish–Jewish relationship. Abroad, the success of Ida has been interpreted as a part of Poland’s “golden age” narrative, a triumph of the cinema of a country that was able to deal openly with the trying problems of the past. 2 Set in the 1960s, the film follows a young girl
particular the phenomenon of BITs and the Code Movements are examined. Later, in Chapter 7 , more recent developments including the conclusion of GATS and TRIMs, and the negotiation of the draft MAI will be examined. 2.1 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) Until the 1960s, efforts to secure improvements in the treatment and protection of foreign investment
source of law, law in the material sense might be created from International Law Commission output, especially if that output is combined with an interaction with other international bodies, such as the International Court of Justice. 32 If this was true when Jennings described the phenomenon in the 1960s, when codification by treaty was still on the rise, this is even more accurate today. The Commission has often submitted its output to the General Assembly, which in turn ‘takes note’ of the work, instead of organizing a conference to convert it into a treaty. The
precarious. One former staff member described women in the Secretariat during the 1960s as ‘an endangered species’. 72 However, little official attention seems to have been given to the issue of women within the UN Secretariat until the early 1970s. Statistics revealing the very low participation of women in professional posts in the UN were prepared for the CSW in 1950, but no action to remedy the situation was
characteristic of nationhood. Political systems need to be held together by more than the glue of economics, they need to be socially constructed. The EU has acknowledged this problem. Whilst the elitist and bureaucratic path to integration in the 1950s and 1960s created the ‘new Europe’, the lack of popular involvement in the project failed to create ‘new Europeans’. The crisis of European integration in the 1970s contributed to the birth of the people’s Europe agenda in the mid-1980s.9 The failure of the people’s Europe agenda to establish itself resulted in widespread