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received mixed and muddled messages regarding their patients’ place in society. Public debate surrounding sexual deviations refocused on to issues of aetiology rather than punishment, in a highly charged discourse which centred on finding a cure.2 This chapter draws upon publications within the medical press and news media, along with literary, film, legal and sociological depictions of homosexuality to explore the complex social and cultural climate in which the homosexuals, transvestites and mental nurses were living from the 1930s to the 1960s. In doing so, it offers
practitioners they were responsible for training in medical schools would rarely have the luxury of so narrow an identity for their labour in house calls, provincial clinics, or general hospital wards. Moreover, they were aware that many of the great discoveries of medical science had been made by those who had cultivated their skills of observation, tempered them by experimentation, and were provided with the intellectual wherewithal to compare their results with medical theory. Much of this culture began changing administratively after the First World War. By the 1960s
that had sprung from the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Many theoretical debates had blossomed in the 1960s and 1970s in Europe and the USA on whether or not children’s rights included ‘pupil power’ to challenge teachers, or complete autonomy from parents, and whether this meant they were in opposition to those of adults. 5 It took the growing threat of
The supposed apathy shown towards diphtheria by certain sections of the British public was largely overcome by the 1960s – or, at least, immunisation rates had improved to such an extent that the Ministry of Health was no longer concerned about widespread diphtheria epidemics. Yet it did not have the same successes with smallpox vaccination. The problem of low rates of infant vaccination and childhood revaccination among the population remained a continual source of irritation for the Ministry. In the government's favour, the success of
’s conviction that student doctors and nurses needed formal ethics training.2 It also reflected changing priorities in higher education, with CSEP’s founding quartet stressing the applied nature of their work and that the new centre benefited doctors, patients and ‘the community as a whole’.3 188 The making of British bioethics Involving non-doctors in medical ethics teaching During the 1960s and 1970s, as Edward Shotter notes, ‘there was no teaching in ethics in British medical education’ and leading doctors believed that ethical questions were best ‘discussed by
consider two earlier developments which informed the design and ethos of IT; namely, the system of rehabilitation designed to meet the needs of disabled soldiers during the Second World War, and occupation and employment schemes developed for people with learning disabilities. Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, most British psychiatric hospitals established an industrial therapy unit, and this chapter will explore the operation of these units and the creation of complementary extramural facilities. The chapter then evaluates the tensions between individual
indigenous women’s religious congregations, the IHMs had the largest numbers of facilities in the 1960s: they ran fifteen schools, two teachers’ training colleges and several maternity homes, clinics and dispensaries.20 By 1964, twenty maternity and general hospitals were in Catholic mission hands in southeastern Nigeria, and five were jointly run by the missions and government.21 The years after the Second World War also were expansion years for nursing in Nigeria. As European influence waned in the post-war years, the Registration of Nurses Ordinance was established in
The disruption of harmony Most people are aware of many controversies surrounding autism today, as well as those that abounded in the 1960s asserting the fault of mothers in causing the condition. Other major controversies have centred on the MMR vaccine and the use of mercury in vaccines. More recently, debates have exploded over whether autism
Indigenous smallpox had been eliminated from Britain in the 1930s, reducing its threat to the day-to-day lives of British people. The public had, however, come to fear a new disease which first reached epidemic proportions in 1947 – poliomyelitis. From that year onwards, regular outbreaks occurred during the “polio season” each summer. No cure was ever found. The only thing authorities could do was provide treatment for acute symptoms and continue research efforts into a preventative vaccine. By the end of the 1960s, the number of annual
– together more than 450 people – made its way across the hospital buildings and inner courts, praying and carrying candles to celebrate the beginning of May, the month of Mary. 1 The women religious’ memorial book hints at the importance of religious beliefs and practices in Belgian medicine and healthcare. 2 Such importance should hardly come as a surprise: up until the 1960s