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rise of the multifaceted, estate-based Ständestaat (Poggi 1978 , pp. 36ff) and preparing the grounds for the systems of popular representation of West European politics. The fiscal apparatus was, in short, ‘the institution which pulled the other institutions in its wake’ (Schumpeter 1976 , p. 141). Evolution in transport, revolution in commerce Politics within states were altered by the intense royal efforts to extort funds from their populations. Politics among states also changed, as monarchs searched for ways to extort revenues from the extra
’s argument was formulated in the clean and tight language of variable analysis. As interconnectedness reaches a high level, this will give rise to security communities, which are characterized by dependable expectations of peaceful change. Reformulating the canon In the immediate wake of World War II, the study of International Relations was dominated by Realism. During the late 1950s, Realism was challenged by new approaches. Observers of European politics noted that states drifted away from the old balance-of-power policies and began to co-operate more
-war record does, however, describe a process of progressive integration politically and economically. The political regionalisation of Western Europe Political purposes underlay the early moves towards regional integration within post-war Europe. The formation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952 was the direct product of beliefs that the integration of the production and distribution of coal and steel under a common high authority, and answerable to a parliament and a Court of Justice, was one of the best ways to ensure against the renewal of armed
by many others as one of the most authoritative voices in the field of Romania studies: see for example Robert Levy, “Review of Tismaneanu’s Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism,” East European Politics and Societies 18 (2004). 45 Tismaneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, 13. 46 Tismaneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism. 47 See testimonies in Paul Cernat, Ion Manolescu, Angelo Mitchievici and Ioan Stanomir, In Cautarea Comunismului Pierdut (Pitesti
’ would ever launch a war that was widely considered as ‘the greatest crime against humanity and the freedom of peoples’. 36 While extent to which the American President supported the diplomatic-legal approaches of his legal advisors is still a matter of historiographical dispute, there can be no doubt that his zigzag course did not strengthen, but undermined Allied efforts for the establishment of a coherent legalist international order. Wilson’s lack of substantial knowledge of the European political ethnography impaired his policies on nationalities and minority
that process elevates religion to an issue of security, and that compels us to put it on our agenda in the study of IR. 2 Despite September 11 the main security threat of the Islamists is related to domestic order. This explains why Arab governments themselves feel threatened by Islamism and why, therefore, Islamists encounter hostility in their own countries and therefore seek political asylum in Europe
–320 . Jegen , M. and F. Mérand ( 2014 ) ‘Constructive ambiguity: Comparing the EU’s energy and defence policies’, West European Politics , 37 ( 1 ): 182–203 . La Repubblica ( 2017 ) ‘Minniti: “Sui migranti ho temuto per la tenuta democratica Paese”’, La Repubblica , 29 August. Lebovich , A. ( 2018 ) ‘Halting ambition: EU migration and security
cohesion from within. One speculative future scenario discusses what could happen if present trends continue: The sovereigntist and illiberal trend that is particularly pronounced in Central European politics becomes mainstream across the EU. European norms of democracy and rule of law are hollowed out in more and
foundation of Poland’s defense strategy and policy, Poland, like all East-Central European, and, indeed, most peripheral European countries (the UK, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands) took a firmly pro-US course. The overall European political pattern is explained by a pattern of balancing within the Western alliance against the Franco-German tandem opposing the United States. Thus, both in
–100. 6 G. Noutcheva and S. Aydın-Düzgit, ‘Lost in Europeanisation: The Western Balkans and Turkey’, West European Politics 35:1 (2012), 59–78. 7 Y. Gürsoy, ‘The impact of EU-driven reforms on the political autonomy of the Turkish military’, South European Society and