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insisted that the sacrament was indeed an accident without a substance, and that this position was fully consistent with orthodox ecclesiastical teaching. 5 It could be no coincidence, he must have thought, that the second of his conclusions condemned as heresy there was precisely that an accident could not remain without a substance in the consecrated host ( 46 ). This text also provides one of the clearest articulations of Wyclif’s own position in respect of the Eucharist. Both the bread and the body of Christ are present in the host, he argues here, but the former is
Wyclif’s views on sacramental theology are difficult to summarise collectively, but much of what he said on the topic was generally concerned with removing a particular sacrament from its ceremonial or accidental trappings, rather than questioning its necessity. The only sacrament about which he expressed some doubt is confirmation, but, even here, it would seem to be its administration at the hands of bishops that is the true target of the doubts he expresses. His beliefs about the process of sacramental change in the eucharist
than description. 6 8. Instructions for the laity in preparation for the mass [From T. F. Simmons, ed., The Lay Folks’ Mass Book , Early English Text Society, original ser., LXXI 1879 , pp. 122-7; in English] HERE FOLLOWS A PRECIOUS CONSIDERATION, HOW A MAN SHALL MAKE HIMSELF PURE AND PERFECTLY CLEANSED BEFORE RECEIVING THE SACRAMENT OF THE
-evangelised Catholics.28 Missions encouraged a variety of pious activities including receiving communion, frequent confession, reciting the rosary, following the stations of the cross and attending pilgrimages and processions. Prayer and devotion were encouraged through novenas, benedictions, expositions of the Blessed Sacrament, the Quaran’ Ore and special devotions to the Holy Family or the Sacred Heart. Devotional aids such as scapulars, medals and rosaries were also advocated.29 Missions lasted for days or weeks, and their achievements were heralded by the Catholic faithful. In
the same. (viii) Church of Charlton [no. 65] Item, that divine service is not held as it ought to be, nor is the sacrament fittingly administered, to the extent that one Stevynsone of the said parish recently died without confession or communion. Item, that the parson does not keep residence or hospitality among his parishioners, and comes but
The regulation of midwives in the Early Modern period prescribed the moral and social conduct of the midwife, placing far greater emphasis on her character and integrity than on her practice and competence. This was because of the important role that the midwife was assigned in performing the sacrament of baptism during childbirth. When the infant was frail or in danger of dying, it was required that she carry out emergency baptism. In such cases of necessity, regulation in the form of maintaining sacramental
-century did not set a good example to their subordinates. Those of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries had been of good quality, frequently resident, diligent and reforming Chap 6 19/6/06 156 9:48 am Page 156 AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY IN NANTES in their administration of the diocese. Thirty sets of synod rulings were published before 1488, ordering clerical residence, participation in sacraments and the keeping of parish registers in an attempt to improve spiritual and sexual morality. Annual visitations were ordered in 1508, although not always observed.17
the prescriptions of the church, while others – the majority no doubt – could not manage to receive the sacrament three times a year as the church stipulated nor to attend its fasts and festivals. There is no sign of the wide penumbra of para-liturgical or ‘folk’ practices that we would associate with ‘popular religion’ in contemporary Catholic Europe. Lay commitment to the Church of England is no easier to stratify into
which appeared as a single answer (rather than briefer answers to multiple questions), as well as particular duties of individuals toward one another in various relationships. Large Catechisme was also noteworthy for its back matter. It included exemplary prayers that expanded upon the Lord’s prayer, creed, decalogue, and sacraments; these were to function as a ‘short explanation
doubt about his illness. The public bulletin on his health, published in Versailles on 30 April, baldly announced the diagnosis.19 At a quarter to eight that evening, Paris echoed to the tolling of the great bells of Notre Dame announcing the exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, there and in all churches throughout the city and suburbs, confirming the seriousness of the king’s condition.20 A planned memorial mass for the charitable princesse de Talmond, with a fundraising sermon in aid of the foundlings she supported, was postponed.21 More mundanely, traiteurs were