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in 1894, had more overt Catholic religious aims. It sought: [t]o crush vice and evil habits amongst boys; to instruct them thoroughly in the Catholic doctrine; to prepare them for the worthy reception of the sacraments; to give them habits of obedience, discipline and self-respect; reverence and love for ecclesiastical authority and our holy religion; to promote their moral, physical and temporal well-being, and to give them habits of strict sobriety. (Irish Catholic Directory, 1958: 132) How the system became visible65 Another Catholic religious
precarious, on the crown which his grandfather James II had relinquished or been expelled from. The sacrament of Holy Communion was an instrument of dynastic ambition alongside the secular weapon of highland armies. The course of most forms of identity in Britain has, whilst never approaching uniformity, moved away from rigid and ostentatious distinctions of rank, class, or wealth. Religious identity has moved in different directions, and whilst there was never uniformity, equality in variety was only approached in the twentieth century. It might be responded that