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in the 1950s’ and 1960s’ social housing design approaches in Greece. The Workers Housing Organization (OEK) was formed in 1955 and marks a period in which a kind of welfare state was being established in the country. OEK was not exactly a state controlled organization. The OEK board included representatives of the Confederation of Workers Union and the Greek Industrialists Association as well as appointed officials of the Ministry of Work. Although it was founded on the premise of being funded by the public sector in combination with obligatory contributions of
proposals about public and private space in housing areas. International experiences that constitute reference points for us are: Viennese courtyard housing (Hof), some of the new German Siedlungen of the Weimar period, participatory design housing projects of the 1960s and 1970s (Giancarlo di Carlo, Van Eyck, Herman Hertzenberger, Ralph Erskine, Lucien Kroll), SAAL projects in Portugal (Siza, Portas etc), critical regionalism in Spain and Italy, the work of John Turner and the mutual help project, Hasan Fathy’s work in Egypt, FUCVAM in Uruguay, community architects, and
landscape broadly in three ways – emphasising the tangible, material expression of landscape-as-object; exploring the manner in which landscape is perceived and represented (usually by the external gaze); and more recently considering landscape as a space for the imagination 22 Patrick Duffy and senses. Ted Relph’s Place and Placelessness (1976) was an influential early work focusing on the human experience of place, manifested in a sense of place and identifying with place as being central to our existence as humans. In the 1960s, J. B. Jackson also highlighted the
partner Máiréad.2 In his autobiographical essay collection My Time in Space, he notes, The move from city to island, from the visual arts to literature, from minimalist abstraction to the most scrupulous cartography of the grain of the actual – had even that drastic step not been enough to shake up my little store of conceptions? … To the artist it is intolerable that one cannot climb to one’s own horizon and look beyond.3 If one wished to proffer an initial assessment in terms of the trajectory of his work from the late 1960s to 2012, one could argue that while the
1960s, when the first wave of environmentalism took hold of the public consciousness. Early efforts to cash in on the green dollar by making products seem sustainable were termed ‘ecopornography’ by the environmentalist and former Madison Avenue advertising executive Jerry Mander in the 1960s, a term later supplanted by the still common ‘greenwashing’ coined by Jay Westervelt in 1984. Originally used to describe hotel chains’ use of signs asking customers to ‘save our planet’ by using towels more than once, it
and mapping applications”. On the other hand, it also helped produce tools and trajectory for critical GIS and its application, as found in works such as Dorling (2012) and Wilson (2017) . The cartography of urban revolution From the mid-1960s, Bunge began experimenting with a different kind of cartographic re-description. It derived from his work in the one-square-mile, predominantly black inner-city neighbourhood of Fitzgerald in Detroit, where he also resided, and about which he later wrote his eponymously titled book ( Bunge, 1971 ). He had taken a job at
drives in Robinson’s work has been the political one of empowering those outside his particular disciplines to feel that they have a right to interact with them. Through his art practice he sought to overcome the segregation of art from the wider public through the elitist art market and a critical discourse directed in a language that excludes those who do not have the kind of education enjoyed by its writers. Although he studied and taught mathematics, Robinson turned to painting under the name Timothy Drever in Vienna in the early 1960s. His work from this period is
presented in chapters 3 and 4: • The refurbishment, maintenance and management since 2003 of some 6,500 homes in nearly 3,000 Georgian and Victorian SAH.indb 9 30/01/2019 12:44:48 10 Safe as houses ‘street properties’ in the London Borough of Islington that were municipalised – that is, purchased from private owners – by the local authority during the 1960s and 1970s and turned into council housing. The council has signed two contracts (one for 30 years in 2003 and another for 16 years in 2006) with a combined value of over £721 million, with Partners for
creates a limitation for a more inclusive planning process. In other words, urbanity as the eminent and rurality as backward are accentuated, while spatial differences between towns and country lessen due to the mix of urbanisation and industrialisation. In his spatial analysis from the 1960s of industrialisation and urbanisation, Lefebvre ( 1996 , p. 123) describes that access to
1960s (at least in the vision of those who were looking), an obvious marker being Rachel Carson’s Silent spring (published in 1962), and she highlighted the failure of critical thought to engage with the crisis intellectually and practically: Western rationality, instrumentalism, utilitarianism, privatisation, commodification, patriarchy, urbanisation, nationalism, regionalism, sedentary agriculture, medicine, consumerism, state planning – there must be hundreds of processes, events, and logics that have contributed to increasing ecological degradation