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source of law, law in the material sense might be created from International Law Commission output, especially if that output is combined with an interaction with other international bodies, such as the International Court of Justice. 32 If this was true when Jennings described the phenomenon in the 1960s, when codification by treaty was still on the rise, this is even more accurate today. The Commission has often submitted its output to the General Assembly, which in turn ‘takes note’ of the work, instead of organizing a conference to convert it into a treaty. The
-making and dispute settlement through adjudication may keep or usher in the return of peace, without States having to achieve full-fledged integration through supranational organizations. In this contribution, idealism is understood in the latter sense. One of the finest representations of the idealist model in science fiction is surely the Star Trek franchise. Since the 1960s, Star Trek has recounted the exploits of Starfleet, entrusted with the heavy task of exploring the galaxy whilst defending the United Federation of Planets, a seasoned interplanetary
, but their masterpieces contain a slight smile. 46 In all forms of art, comedy is the most challenging and the most accomplished. We may limit ourselves here to three types of parodic films: French, British and American. It might be too a way of coming back to a national film spirit, since humour does not rely on the same drives, whether it be American gags, British wit, French vaudeville to simplify matters. For the French, let’s study the recent OSS 117, a character based on Jean Bruce’s espionage novels 47 from the 1950s and 1960s. These two films 48 mock the
also did not garner sufficient support to serve as a basis for a multilateral treaty. In the early 1960s, two further instruments sought to provide a basis for a multilateral agreement on investment protection. First, the 1961 ‘Harvard Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens’ prepared by Professors Louis Sohn and Richard Baxter
in the 1960s 64 and, after the 9/11 attacks, the US government has supported film-making focusing on recent conflicts, as illustrated by movies like Act of Valor (2012), 65 The Lone Survivor (2013) 66 and Black Hawk Down (2001). 67 This ‘coordination of US foreign policy, dominated by the “war against terrorism”, with Hollywood productions’ 68 results in cinematographic productions that are generally pro-military (pro-soldier), that evade the problems linked to the reasons and causes of a given conflict, and that focus instead on presenting a collective
Palestinian people. With the recognition of the PLO by Israel and the beginning of a negotiation process under the Oslo Accords (1993), the cinematic figure of the evil ‘Palestinian terrorist’ tends to fade. 30 As from the end of the 1970s, Palestinian, Israeli and foreign films will focus on the realities of the Israeli occupation. The Palestinian militant cinema: ‘Can we do anything? As long as there is occupation, no’ While in the 1960s and 1970s, Palestinian cinema is closely related to Palestinian organizations and is conceived mainly from a revolutionary
were even suspected of opposing the policies of the German occupation forces, would be taken secretly to Germany for trial. No word was permitted to reach their relatives, even if they died, in order ‘to create anxiety in the minds of the family of the arrested person’ 353 The term ‘disappearance’ was first coined in the 1960s in Guatemala, when many political opponents of the ruling regime were abducted and never heard from again. 354 During the 1970s enforced disappearances took place on a massive scale in Argentina and Chile – indeed
precarious. One former staff member described women in the Secretariat during the 1960s as ‘an endangered species’. 72 However, little official attention seems to have been given to the issue of women within the UN Secretariat until the early 1970s. Statistics revealing the very low participation of women in professional posts in the UN were prepared for the CSW in 1950, but no action to remedy the situation was
fundamentalism in the 1980s 78 contrasts with that between the Race Convention and decolonisation and the right to self-determination of colonial peoples and those living under alien domination in the 1960s and 70s. The latter connection made for strong institutional and individual championship of the norm of non-discrimination on the basis of race, notably from the newly independent
centuries when women’s groups in the West organised around seeking political equality through obtaining the vote and equal property rights. 32 Women were also prominent in the peace movements of the time, many seeing women’s political progress and peace as entwined. Campaigns for legal and social equality in the 1960s, and the identification of a global sisterhood facing universal male oppression, are