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Postmodern Era (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1991 ), 64–8. For the Dutch East Indies comparison see Gouda, ‘Nyonyas’ , 327–36. 86 Regarding the British Empire see Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality. The British Experience (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990); and his
Officers and Men , Harmondsworth, 1976: Charles alien, Plain Tales from the Raj , 1975: Clayton and Killingray, Khaki and Blue; Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: the British Experience , Manchester, 1990. 46 According to Younghusband, life reflected art: troops began to use expressions Kipling had put into the mouth of
Imperialism (New York, 1986 ), 18. 12 Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester, 1990 ). 13 John Tosh, ‘Imperial Masculinity and the Flight from Domesticity in Britain 1880–1914’ , in Timothy P. Foley et al . (eds
), Gender and Colonialism . (Galway, 1995 ), 72–85; Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester, 1990 ). 4 Thomas R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1994 ), 109, 94
, though uncritically, in Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1992). Sinha’s Colonial Masculinity is another critical and rich exposition on this construction of the ‘native’ (male) as a sexual colonial subject. 24 Papers , p. 424, pt. 2
-century respectability and rich ‘emancipated women’ could flaunt convention through engaging in unpopular political causes: the ultimate act of rebellion was to ‘consort’ with black men. This was used to discredit certain women and the causes they championed. Despite class and political differences, women activists were all affected by the shifting discourses on race, empire and sexuality
”’, p. 620. 68 Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992 ), p. 73; John Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth Century Britain: Essays on Gender, Family and Empire (New York: Pearson Longman, 2005), pp. 193, 6
brought to Singapore to work in the brothels. It is conceivable that they were recruited for domestic service as well. Maurice Freedman, Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1957 ), p. 28; Constable, Maid to Order in Hong Kong , pp. 2, 46; Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester: Manchester
See Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, No Man’s Land , 2 vols., New Haven, 1986 , Vol. 2, pp. 40–50; Torgovnick, Gone Primitive , pp. 151–6 passim . 92 Cecil Rhodes was the epitome of this type: see Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality , Manchester, 1990
Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989 ). 59 See Note 4 above. 60 See, for example, R. Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992