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, one that helps to unravel the multifaceted institutional connections and interdependencies between the diverse players that had stakes in twentieth-century international humanitarianism. Notes 1 Special Collections, Rutgers University Archives, Papers of the American Council of Voluntary Agencies for
, several factors need to be underscored. It was clearly not in the absence of state power that CARE was able to become a central non-governmental player in international humanitarianism. Instead, it was precisely CARE’s close relation to the US administration and most certainly massive amounts of government subsidies that fostered its development. This assessment (alluding to underlying structural factors
first UN organisation to begin operations, in that case not just during the peace-making but before the war even ended. 49 In working to remedy German and Austrian starvation and restart their economies even before the Treaty of Versailles was signed in June 1919, the blockaders of the Great War set new norms for the humanitarian response that could be expected after military and economic sanctions led a foe to accept defeat. Significant continuities link the Allies’ wartime economic war and postwar international
(Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott., 1866), p. 19. 17 Schulz, ‘Dilemmas of “Geneva” International Humanitarianism’, pp. 40–41. 18 Chiara Staderini, La Croce Rossa Italiana fra dimensione associativa e riconoscimento istituzionale (Firenze: Noccioli Editore, 1995). 19 Rebecca Gill, Calculating Compassion: Humanity and Relief in War, Britain 1870–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013), p. 25. 20 Gustave Moynier, La Croix-Rouge, son passé et son avenir (Paris: Sandoz & Thuillier, 1882), p. 103. 21 Cited in Rebecca Gill
. , The Need to Help: The Domestic Arts of International Humanitarianism ( Durham, NC and London : Duke University Press , 2015 ). Marshall , D. , ‘ Humanitarian Sympathy for Children in Times of War and the History of Children’s Rights, 1919–1959 ’, in J. Marten (ed.), Children and War: A Historical Anthology ( New York and London : New
. 47 David Kennedy, The Dark Side of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism , Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2004, pp. 348–349. 48 Janice Gross Stein, ‘Humanitarian Organizations. Accountable – Why, to Whom, for What, and How?’ in Michael
behind the public in its commitment towards the Third World.’23 But the drivers of change were not limited to the field of fund-raising. Concern, Gorta and Trócaire formed part of a cohort of Western NGOs at the forefront of an emerging culture of international humanitarianism that linked foreign aid to renewed debates on human rights. The parallel concepts of ‘interdependence’ and ‘internationalism’ that organisations like the French NGO Médecins sans Frontières emphasised marked an equally significant shift in thinking at state level. Although the ideal of a ‘world
Geographers , 39 : 3 ( 2013 ), 418 – 31 . 10 L. Malkki The Need to Help: The Domestic Arts of International Humanitarianism ( Durham, NC : Duke University Press , 2015 ). 11 M. Tanielan , The Charity of War: Famine, Humanitarian Aid, and World War I in the Middle East ( Palo Alto : Stanford University Press , 2017 ). 12 G. Agamben , Homo sacer: Il potere sovrano e la nuda vita ( Turin : Einaudi, Nuova Serie , 2005 ), translated as Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998); G. Agamben, Lo stato d
, The American Red Cross , p. 19; Cutlip, Fund Raising in the United States , p. 123. 62 AR 1917 , p. 8; B. Little , ‘ A Child’s Army of Millions: The American Junior Red Cross ’, in L. Paul , R. R. Johnson and E. Short (eds), Children’s Literature and Culture of the First World War ( New York : Routledge , 2016 ), pp. 283 – 300 . 63 J. F. Irwin, ‘International Humanitarianism in the United States’, 7 May 2013, Oxford University Press blog, http://blog.oup.com/2013/05/world-red-cross-crescent-icrc-day/ (accessed 17 August 2016).
the Young Women’s Christian Association, and having gained approval to operate in both public and Catholic schools, that the Junior Red Cross achieved rapid expansion in South Australia. In Western Australia the concept struggled, with only eleven Circles remaining in 1930 and none by 1934. The strength of the Junior Red Cross remained centred on the eastern states. 58 The Junior Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies In the aftermath of the First World War, a feature of international humanitarianism was its focus on children. 59 The emergence of the