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responsibility on doctors implementing compulsory detentions, rather than the courts, and its recommendations were embedded into the Mental Health Act 1959.231 The Act placed a new emphasis on community care, and its aims were to reduce the number of inpatients immediately and, in the long term, to change the course of mental health care provision. The Act unreservedly damned overcrowding as an organisational malpractice, that produced in itself a great deal of ill health. Furthermore, it introduced the concept of ‘informal’ patients; these were to be treated in outpatient
discrimination (equality), and access to high quality mental health services (entitlement).4 These principles are enshrined in international law in treaties and declarations that directly apply to the rights of persons with mental illness. In 1991, the United Nations adopted Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care (the MI Principles).5 The MI Principles include a preference for community care; the right to the least restrictive environment; clear standards and natural justice for compulsory admission; legal
100, 283–92. Beecham J. (1995) Collecting and estimating costs, in Knapp M.R.J. (Ed.) The Economic Evaluation of Mental Health Care, Aldershot: Arena. Department of Health and Children (1997) Enhancing the Partnership: Report of the Working Group on the Implementation of the Health Strategy in Relation to Persons with a Mental Handicap, Dublin: Department of Health & Children. Emerson E., Alborz A., Felce D., Lowe K. (1995) Residential Services Setting Questionnaire, Manchester: Hester Adrian Research Centre, University of Manchester. Emerson E., Hatton C. (1994
questions (such as, for example, the issue of local air quality) were the key elements of this EC call. The call was widely publicized by the network and a total of twenty-seven eligible applications were received, indicating the strength and diversity of the science shop movement, with four projects eventually being funded. These dealt with health effects of noise from wind turbines; cycling and air pollution; optimizing public transport for the elderly; and mental health care for immigrant communities. Even where these applications were unsuccessful, productive networks
statistics: and sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll. London: Sage. Salsburg, D. (2001) The lady tasting tea: how statistics revolutionized science in the twentieth century. New York: W.H. Freeman. Grundy, A.C., Bee, P., Meade, O., Callaghan, P., Beatty, S., Ollevent, N. and Lovell, K. (2016) Bringing meaning to user involvement in mental health care planning: a qualitative exploration of service user perspectives. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 23:12-21. 70 BEE (RESEARCH) PRINT.indd 70 11/05/2018 16:15
Universalism. Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing. Murray, C. (2013) ‘Moving towards rights-based mental health law: the limits of legislative reform’, Irish Jurist, 49: 161. Nedelsky, J. (2011) Law’s Relations: A Relational Theory of Self, Autonomy and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. O’Sullivan, L. (2008) Health and Wellbeing of Family Carers in Ireland: Results of a Survey of the Recipients of the Carers’ Allowance. Dublin: Combat Poverty Agency. Prior, P. (ed.) (2012) Asylums, Mental Health Care, and the Irish: Historical Studies 1800–2010. Dublin: Irish
Victorian medical men could suffer numerous setbacks on their individual paths to professionalisation, and Thomas Elkanah Hoyle's career offers a telling exemplar. This book addresses a range of the financial, professional, and personal challenges that faced and sometimes defeated the aspiring medical men of England and Wales. Spanning the decades 1780-1890, from the publication of the first medical directory to the second Medical Registration Act, it considers their careers in England and Wales, and in the Indian Medical Service. The book questions the existing picture of broad and rising medical prosperity across the nineteenth century to consider the men who did not keep up with professionalising trends. Financial difficulty was widespread in medical practice, and while there are only a few who underwent bankruptcy or insolvency identified among medical suicides, the fear of financial failure could prove a powerful motive for self-destruction. The book unpicks the life stories of men such as Henry Edwards, who could not sustain a professional persona of disinterested expertise. In doing so it uncovers the trials of the medical marketplace and the pressures of medical masculinity. The book also considers charges against practitioners that entailed their neglect, incompetence or questionable practice which occasioned a threat to patients' lives. The occurrence and reporting of violent crime by medical men, specifically serious sexual assault and murder is also discussed. A tiny proportion of medical practitioners also experienced life as a patient in an asylum.
asylum determination procedure and beyond, there is evidence that woman are not receiving the level of care that is necessary. In 2004, the government released a five-year plan, Delivering Race Equality in Mental Health Care. This plan mentions refugees and asylum seekers only very briefly. In November 2000, the DoH had published an information booklet for NHS staff dealing with asylum seekers and refugees, entitled Meeting the Health Needs of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK:An Information and Resource Pack for Health Workers (Burnett and Fassil 2000).The booklet
earnings or their potential for violence.7 Yet to see medical practitioners as the recipients rather than the providers of mental health care is also to run counter to the historiography of the asylum. Historians who would support the general outline of Foucault’s ‘great confinement’ thesis have characterised doctors as among those responsible for defining, capturing, and incarcerating the insane. The rationales for admitting pauper patients to county asylums or workhouses have Mad doctors: lunacy and the asylum 201 circled around the limitations of domestic care
–71. 24 Ibid., 7. 25 P. Bartlett, The Poor Law of Lunacy: The Administration of Pauper Lunatics in Mid-Nineteenth Century England (London: Leicester University Press, 1999); S. Cherry, Mental Health Care in Modern England: The Norfolk Lunatic Asylum (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003); R. Ellis, ‘A Field of Practice or a Mere House of Detention? The Asylum