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future decisions. Second, some claim that there is an inherent ‘moral’ difference between types of lobbyists or, more simply put, there are some lobbyists that can be considered ‘better’ than others. For example, based on the classifications offered above, a view often heard when we advised the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe – an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the furthering of human rights – was that corporate lobbying can be considered ‘bad’ when compared to, for example, that done by NGOs which is deemed to be naturally ‘good
, given that the loftiest ambitions were invariably held by the Left Europeanists, the actual outcome has been suboptimal. Chapter 7 reinforces that, even compared with the PES, and certainly as compared with the noticeably more effectively transnational EGP, the EL remains a predominantly intergovernmental organisation, where decisions are taken by consensus and not QMV. Chapter 4 highlights the prevalent contradiction within the EL between majoritarianism and equality that in practice means that progress in the direction of a more effective (and certainly more
presence, and that is not enough; the great challenge is to also reach civic authorities.’ 37 The history of past (failed) peace processes in Colombia does indeed tell a narrative of the militarised outreach of the state to marginalised regions at the neglect of creating effective civilian institutions that protect local communities. It is in that respect that our methodological shift to the community perspective has a normative implication that echoes the intergovernmental organisation staff grievance on the
War and in the 1990s, scholars studied peacekeeping and its connections to global politics on the basis of different theoretical perspectives, such as the English School. Professor Berdal also reminds us that when we talk about the ‘UN’, we should keep in mind that it is ultimately an intergovernmental organisation shaped by member states who design peace operations and also implement them by providing troops, which carry out the mandate in the field but often seek guidance from national capitals. UN peace operations involve a multiplicity of actors, levels, and
3436 Unpacking international organisations:2833Prelims 22/3/10 14:56 Page 88 5 The WTO Secretariat The World Trade Organization (WTO)was established as an intergovernmental organisation in 1995 and is the only global organisation to deal with the regulation of world trade. The creation of the WTO was one of the most dramatic advances in multilateralism since the institutionbuilding period of the late 1940s when inter alia GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), the predecessor to the WTO, was created (WTO 2004: 9). The increased importance of the GATT
their external representation of the international organisation. The enactment of a supranational role – as a representative of the international organisation as a whole – is evident in the following quote: It is obvious that when we are operating outside the WTO, in other intergovernmental organisations, then we are representing the WTO as an institution, and we have to be aware of that. (WTO 1) The WTO official indicates in this quote that he has to be aware of the supranational role; it is considered mandatory to represent the WTO as a whole. In their external
, on the eve of the OSCE’s Istanbul Summit, he once more proposed an enhanced BSEC and called for greater balance between the interrelated economic, political and security issues facing the BSEC member-states: Perhaps the time is ripe for BSEC to strike an appropriate balance between economic cooperation and cooperation on regional security, and determine its place within the family of the other regional alliances and intergovernmental organisation in the new European architecture of the 21st century. These issues are increasingly relevant and BSEC’ s ultimate
the French could accept. Several agreements were concluded in 1954 between the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and the Six. As part of these agreements, the Brussels Treaty Organisation was modified and extended. West Germany and Italy were accepted as members and a new intergovernmental organisation – the Western European Union (WEU) – was created. The agreements foresaw the termination of the occupation of West Germany and that country’s admission to NATO. As a counterbalance to the West German army, the United Kingdom agreed to station forces in the
, cultural, political, historical differences are challenging enough to beg the very question of comparison. Only at the most elementary, material, level is a straightforward comparison meaningful. To raise such a comparison to a conceptual level immediately requires that one engages the vast field of cultural 8 Cultures of governance and peace codes, historical references, discourses, and symbols that support and even generate the history of peace and conflict. The European Union, a multilevel, intergovernmental organisation with hints of sovereignty and sometimes
intergovernmental organisations are normally based on an international treaty or a convention according to international law. Interpol is not based on such a treaty, and entails no structure of national representation from the highest governmental levels, e.g. governmental Ministers, officials or ambassadors (Occhipinti, 2003, p. 29). Council of Europe. The continent’s oldest political