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agriculture, improving higher education, in supporting the important fishing industry and in securing funds for industrial development. There has also been a good deal of innovation in urban re-development and support for the arts. In under-18 education, a key area given the trouble background of the province, attempts are under way (led by controversial education minister Martin McGuinness) to create more non-sectarian schooling. Little has yet been done, but at least the issue is on the political agenda. Above all, however, the main success of Northern Ireland devolution
model of urban redevelopment throughout much of Europe. Granted, in its attempt to subsume many architectural styles (including oriental ones) within its neo-Baroque and very insistent façades and interiors, the Opéra was designed, first for the Second Empire and then for the purposes of the Third Republic, to be the supreme announcement of France’s ‘imperial power ... and the participation of the urban
produced and maintained through urban redevelopment and securitisation. Research based on declassified planning documents has shed light on the contentious issue of to what extent urban planning in Belfast was led by state security agencies. According to Tim Cunningham, these unsealed documents suggest that ‘the planning system in Northern Ireland was very much “steered” in the direction of securing (literally) the maximum degree of segregation possible between contentious areas of the city and ensuring the delivery of “defensive planning”’. 56
death. Dead zone 57 I reflect here on one specific instance of this jumbling of ritual, social and political categories. On the surface this looks like a case of reclaiming fallow, marshy land for urban redevelopment and road building. The removal of cemeteries from city centres or urban areas is not a new or unexpected phenomenon. In nineteenth-century Paris or London, for instance, dozens of intra-muros cemeteries were removed and converted to parks (Thorsheim 2011). Similarly, in the last few decades governments in Hong Kong, China and Singapore have been
-building, motivated a series of campaigns to abandon and replace the traditional night soil collection system over time. For instance, the State Council’s Patriotic Health Campaign in the 1950s led to the establishment of health campaign committees at all levels of governance to oversee its implementation (Yang, 2004 ). When China embarked on its journey to opening up and reforms in the late 1970s, the Patriotic Health Campaign was marginalised, and the focus shifted to rapid economic development. In line with the start of rapid urban redevelopment in the 1980s, a more integrated
race course. The working-class estate was part of the extensive Smith and Worley, Against the grain.indd 64 03/06/2014 16:01:06 1960s activism and the making of the British left 65 post-war urban redevelopment that included council housing programmes financed from government subsidies paid to local authorities. Sue’s parents took part in the working-class migration from the inner cities to suburbs situated in the New Towns that came into existence after 1946.16 Yet the leafy surroundings of the estate failed to disguise her parents’ weekly struggle to make ends
by nearly half from 1975 to 1988, while the number of upscale hotel rooms nearly doubled (Hartman, Carnochan, & Hartman, 2002: 368). Likewise, urban redevelopment at the Yerba Buena Center and in the Mission district expanded office space and new middle-class condos but destroyed over ten thousand low-income apartments and single occupancy rooms.3 The low-income units were never rebuilt and the condos that replaced them are deeply implicated in the exponential rent increases in San Francisco. Feinstein’s neoliberal policies not only shrunk the availability of low
Minister, John Belcher.15 Public housing and urban redevelopment schemes were obvious centres for attention particularly in the 1960s. So, in Wandsworth, the District Auditor in 1968 found that there had been overspending of £447,000 in the building department. On investigation, it was discovered that a council official had received payments from Site Caterers Ltd in 1967 for a major building project in Peckham. The official in question had shown favour to Site Caterers in return for payment and had then falsified accounts by writing off debts.16 Wandsworth was in the
imagined destruction onto images of urban centres created a doubled view of the future cities as sites of development and destruction. The exhortations for ‘friendly bombs’ to enact slum clearance and enable urban redevelopment were part of a culture of anxiety about social decline and material decay in cities, in which airpower was simultaneously a symbol of a new technological modernity and the defining image of a future of permanent danger and vulnerability. The power of the air Intense speculation about the future was fuelled by rapid advances in technology in the
civilizing ‘New’ East Manchester”. Area 35 (2): 116–127. — 2003b. “The limits to contemporary urban redevelopment: ‘Doing’ entrepreneurial urbanism in Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester”. City 7 (2): 199–211. Wedel, Janine R. 2011. Shadow Governing: What the Neocon Core Reveals about Power and Influence in America. Policy Worlds: Anthropology and the Analysis of Contemporary Power. New York: Berghahn Books. 38 Inclusion without incorporation While, Aidan, Andrew E.G. Jonas, and David Gibbs. 2004. “The environment and the entrepreneurial city: searching for the urban