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opposition to coloniality, even in the most ‘benign’ of research and policy areas, like international aid and humanitarianism. Coloniality can be understood as the perpetuation of colonial systems and technologies of domination into the present. As discussed by scholars such as Quijano, Grosfoguel, Dussel and Ndlovu-Gatsheni, the concept of decoloniality encourages systemic and historical analysis of the organised (re)production of injustice and mass human suffering. Formal colonialism (which arguably existed from 1492 to the 1960s) and transatlantic
mind when analysing periods like the late 1960s and early 1970s when things were in flux. What it meant at that time to be a humanitarian organisation was changing right on the cusp of both a ‘breakthrough’ for human rights activism as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch entered the world stage ( Moyn, 2010 ) and the reinvention of humanitarianism by Doctors Without Borders ( Davey, 2015 ). A great virtue of Heerten’s book is the way he approaches this issue when
Shattered State ( London : Zed Books ). Hilton , M. ( 2018 ), ‘ Oxfam and the Problem of NGO Aid Appraisal in the 1960s ’, Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development , 9 : 1 , 1 – 18 , doi: 10.1353/hum.2018.0000 . Korff , V. P
Introduction Drawing its energy from the wave of New Left and counter-cultural radicalism of the 1960s ( Boltanski and Chiapello, 2005 ), an NGO-led direct humanitarian action pushed onto the international stage during the 1970s. The radicalism of this new anti-establishment sans frontières humanitarianism lay in its political challenge to the conventions of Cold War sovereignty. By being there on the ground it sought to hold sovereign power to account, witnessing its excesses while professing a face-to-face humanitarian
Development, 1940s–1960s ’, in Smith , A. W. M. and Jeppesen , C. (eds), Britain, France and the Decolonization of Africa: Future Imperfect ? ( London : UCL Press ) pp. 43 – 61 . Riley , C. L. ( 2019 ), ‘ Labour’s International Development Policy
. ( 2016 ), ‘ The CIDA Photography Collections: A Visual Perspective on Canadian International Aid ’, Active History , 9 December , http://activehistory.ca/2016/12/the-cida-photography-collections-a-visual-perspective-on-canadian-international-aid/ (accessed 21 January 2021 ). Ermisch , M-L. ( 2015 ), ‘ Children, Youth and Humanitarian Assistance: How the British Red Cross Society and Oxfam Engaged Young People in Britain and Its Empire with International Development Projects in the 1950s and 1960s ’, PhD dissertation , McGill
Affairs , 2 : 2 , 66 – 78 . Dolan , C. ( 1992 ), ‘ British Development NGOs and Advocacy in the 1990s ’, in Edwards , M. and Hulme , D. (eds), Making a Difference: NGOs and Development in a Changing World ( London : Earthscan ), pp. 203 – 10 . Edwards , M. ( 1993 ), ‘ Does the Doormat Influence the Boot? Critical Thoughts on UK NGOs and International Advocacy ’, Development in Practice , 3 : 3 , 163 – 75 . Gorin , V. ( 2018 ), ‘ Advocacy Strategies of Western Humanitarian NGOs from the 1960s to
architecture does more than simple building, which on its own is basic and functional. This is an elitist and narrow view of architecture that I absolutely do not endorse. In the 1960s, Bernard Rudofsky wrote the book Architecture without Architects (1964), which turned Ruskin and Pevsner’s judgement on its head. It argued that ‘there is much to learn from architecture before it became an expert’s art’. Rudofsky drew attention to vernacular buildings that were constructed
registration cards they get and where they are sent next; it has been in use since the 1960s. However, measuring and comparing bodily dimensions is a centuries-old practice, which became commonplace in the nineteenth century, when anthropologists focused on the physical features of human groups, (anthropometry) on the assumption that the body can divulge a wide range of important information. By examining physical shape and comparing this to a standard normal distribution
emphasise that the 4Ps act as one part of an overall business strategy. Without the strategy that articulates the intent, business structure and plan, the 4Ps become simply another process activity to perform. By contrast, the meaning and use of innovation within the private sector evolved over decades, and research studies began emerging as a separate field in the 1960s ( Fagerberg, 2004 ). An early definition from the private sector described innovation as the ‘generation