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in Madrid (usually with a liberal bias) dates back to the 1830s, but this was very much a product of the times: the war with the Carlists, the disentailment of Church lands and the destruction of monasteries and convents. Otherwise few new street names were created, though new names occasionally had to be found as a result of urban redevelopment or because the old names were considered ridiculous. One way or another, the names Colón, Hernán Cortés, Pizarro, Cervantes, el Dos de Mayo, Bailén, la Independencia, Daoiz y Velarde and Espoz y ALVAREZ PRINT.indd 342 09
institutional religious buildings. Thirdly, the mission retained a highly public role up until the 1960s. The only testaments to its former strengths are in archives and the physical remains of its buildings. Lastly, part of the explanation of its decline resides with material change and urban redevelopment that fundamentally changed the relationship that people had to the city and how they used it, with consequences for its cultural institutions. Notes 1 The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, Translated out of the Greek: Being the Version Set Forth A
encompass the awarding of council contracts. Additionally, he recommended the establishment of a code of conduct for all councillors.72 The Royal Commission on Standards of Conduct chaired by Lord Salmon was equally wide ranging, but its effectiveness was compromised by the disagreement between Lords Houghton and Salmon. The former believed that ‘this mischief [corruption] lies at the numerous meeting points along the boundary between public service and private interests’. Houghton recognised correctly the importance of urban redevelopment and its role in the economy
-scale urban redevelopment project, and a similar approach was taken in Red Location, as I explore in depth in the chapter that follows. The idea that architect-led heritage design drives urban development, with the ultimate goal of addressing exclusion, poverty and inequality, is deeply entrenched. Jennifer Robinson has argued, using the case study of early twentieth-century colonial Port Elizabeth, for an understanding of apartheid as an inherently spatialised system, in which the power of the state was enforced and reproduced via the uses and circumscriptions of
twentieth century, see, for example: Davies, Leisure, Gender and Poverty; Davies and Fielding (eds), Workers’ Worlds; Charlotte Wildman, Urban Redevelopment and Modernity in Liverpool and Manchester, 1918–1939 (London, 2016). Conversely, Victorian Hull has only two general histories: Hugh Calvert, A History of Kingston Upon Hull: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (London, 1978); Edward Gillett and Kenneth A. MacMahon, A History of Hull (Oxford, 1980), and three geographical enquiries from the 1970s: Clive A. Forster, Court housing in Kingston upon Hull: An
of paved roads, clean water supplies and ample space while their indigenous subjects were crowded into the poorest housing with minimal public services. After attending the 1930 centennial celebrations of French rule in Algeria, even Le Corbusier, France’s most renowned architect of the early twentieth century, produced an ambitious scheme for the urban redevelopment of
other political creeds. 99 From a similar perspective, some of the leading Liberal community politicians had already underlined what they considered to be the major shortcomings of British social democracy. In their eyes these lay in its pursuit of economic growth regardless of the environmental consequences, in its bureaucratic and technocratic approach and ethos, and, specifically, in the housing and urban redevelopment policies and programmes implemented by Labour-controlled councils. In the light, therefore, of the emergence of the new
local communities. That insensitivity was probably most apparent during this period in decision-making in the fields of housing and urban redevelopment. Community politics was also a critical response to developments in British society, such as the growth of large-scale institutions and organisations, and the steadily increasing bureaucratisation of society, with its centralising and dehumanising effects. In the face of those developments, community politics was therefore, as another of its Liberal practitioners later wrote, ‘an attempt to regenerate democracy and
where growing youth unemployment, ill-conceived urban redevelopment and notable levels of immigration combined with the wider economic problems facing Britain in the 1970s and early 1980s, as in London’s East End, parts of the West Midlands and Yorkshire, so the NF and BM made inroads.55 Significantly, too, the politicisation of youth culture led to some cultural identities being bound up with an affinity to the NF or BM. In particular, an element within the revived skinhead Class, locality and British punk -43- movement aligned itself to the far right, sometimes
C. Vereker and J. B. Mays, Urban Redevelopment and Social Change: A Study of Social Conditions in Central Liverpool, 1955–56 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1961), pp. 2–5; D. G. Bull, The Welfare of People in Clearance Areas: A Housing Management Problem (Manchester: University of Manchester Department of Social Administration, 1967); F. Allaun