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of the early assistants in passing, but others were celebrated for a long time. One such man was Job Tsiga. In the 1960s, the Methodist Episcopal Church bulletin dedicated an entire page to his medical work. 22 Like many of his generation, he lacked formal education. Tsiga worked with Gurney, first at Old Umtali Mission and later at Mrewa Mission. The records consulted are silent on his date of birth. However, he was a convert by 1903 when Gurney became a medical missionary at Old Umtali Mission. In his later days, Tsiga was known for his dental work at Mrewa
effects on individuals and audiences. This ‘limited effects model’ was again shifted in the 1960s and a number of theories emphasizing moderate to powerful effects emerged, including Marshall McLuhan's widely discussed idea that it is not the content but the characteristics of the medium itself that affects society, encapsulated in the phrase ‘the medium is the message’. 18 During the 1970s and onwards the media
during the early Cold War? Was there something particular about Eastern European states that made this region especially fitting or receptive to mass trials and vaccination campaigns that then had a global effect? This chapter aims to get to the heart of this matter by examining Eastern European experiences with polio in the 1950s and early 1960s. Two states played a particularly important part in the history of the Sabin
approximately 1970, saw the professionalisation of infection prevention and control in the UK, alongside widespread Staphylococcal infections in hospitals both in the UK and abroad, despite antibiotics. The appointment of full-time infection control nurses, to control cross infections in hospital patients, began in Torbay in 1959. Their development as specialists led to ad hoc and then annual conferences, with international visitors by the end of the 1960s; in 1970, they formed the Infection Control Nurses Association (ICNA). After expanding the membership to include any
by historians as part of a backlash against the liberatory advances of the 1960s and 1970s. Policy responses (or lack thereof) in the UK and USA were also interpreted in light of the rise of the new right, as reflected in the electoral victories of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. But alongside this critique of government inaction and widespread stigmatisation were emergent accounts of HIV/AIDS as
that had provided a supply of fit and disciplined recruits well-placed to make a long-term career in the sector. However, the arguments put forward in the 1960s and 1970s to suggest that more men should be recruited into general nursing confirmed their second-class status based on gender, pre-training 12 Introduction: mental health nursing experiences and association with mental hospitals.46 No effort was made to delineate any special skills they might bring to the role despite an earlier debate about this in the USA.47 Yet only a few years later it was noted that
’.7 What Percival had agreed to was to undergo aversion therapy in a bid to cure him of his homosexuality. The behaviour of the police officer was not unusual and entrapment by undercover police officers during the 1950s and 1960s was common practice.8 Nurses were frequently involved in administering aversion therapies to cure such individuals of what were seen as their ‘sexual deviations’.9 The heart of this book is primarily focused on such characters and narratives, which will be used as a way of interrogating questions of experience, motivation, feeling and
academic lawyer Ian Kennedy. Since the late 1960s, Kennedy has written on medical definitions of death and mental illness, euthanasia, the doctor–patient relationship and the rights of AIDS patients. In line with the ‘hands-off’ approach of lawyers, Kennedy’s early work stressed that decisions should rest solely with the medical profession; but this stance changed after he encountered bioethics during a spell in the United States. In 1980 Kennedy used the prestigious BBC Reith Lectures to endorse the approach that he explicitly labelled ‘bioethics’, critiquing
estimated 9,000 international medical graduates in 1971).10 West Germany and Australia were also important recipient countries with 6,000 and 4,000 migrant physicians respectively in 1971.11 For South Asian doctors thinking of migrating, Germany was not an obvious destination for linguistic reasons. Of the remaining main importers of medical labour, until the 1960s, the USA and Canada had restrictive immigration laws that made it harder for South Asian migrants to gain entry and from the 1950s, the USA required migrants to sit the Educational Council for Foreign Medical
realities of deaf leisure, the importance of such participation in community maintenance and cohesion, and the ways in which deaf club members interacted with the wider hearing population. They also provide evidence of the ways in which such communal leisure first boomed in the 1960s and 1970s before the decline in deaf club membership from the 1980s onwards began to have a serious and adverse effect on shared leisure activities amongst deaf people. The future of deaf leisure and the long term consequences for notions of community and identity engendered amongst deaf