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Danes and the Irish. By the time Greece, Portugal and Spain joined in the 1980s – also in a large part for economic reasons – resistance by the British and others to further integration had essentially transformed the European Community into MUP_Torbion_07_Ch7 127 22/9/03, 1:51 pm 128 Destination Europe an intergovernmental organisation (with the Commission as a last, and often frustrated, driving force for integration). The last three members – Austria, Finland and Sweden – faced a partly new situation. Not that the Internal Market posed any major threat to
. Investing in regional integration The fiftieth anniversary of the EU and ASEAN’s fortieth jubilee both occurred in 2007. ASEAN remains an eminently flexible, intergovernmental organisation based on member state consensus, and is unencumbered by any supranational institutions beyond a permanent secretariat and a series of regular meetings. In this sense, ASEAN differs greatly from the EU, but this does not rule out fruitful
is a certain amount of discussion about how to define international organisations – here they are taken to mean ‘Intergovernmental Organisations’ (IGOs), although we have to acknowledge the growing importance of International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) and even Business International Organisations (BINGOs) – see Clive Archer, International Organisation (London, Unwin, 2nd edn, 1992), Chapter 1. This is the particular hallmark of the ‘Copenhagen School’, and will be discussed later in the chapter. Eric Roll, Crowded Hours (London, Faber, 1985), p. 77
the most impressive intergovernmental relief agency ever established and indeed “the largest non-military intergovernmental organisation in history”’. It operated from November 1943 until 1947, and disbursed the then as now astronomical sum of $3.9 billion in direct aid, averting wide-scale famine in Europe and Asia. It acted as a care and rehabilitation centre for millions of displaced persons and refugees, until the new Truman Administration decided to close it down at a meeting in Geneva in August 1946 with the summarily delivered expression, ‘the gravy train has
and food – that went back to the long tradition of ‘colonial humanitarianism’. 51 The recent experience of the World War was added to that of the long period of colonialism. The relief and rehabilitation programmes that had opened the road to the post-war reconstruction, in Europe especially, were also an important inheritance for the new path of international relief. From the end of the 1940s on, the improvement in the ‘underdeveloped’ countries’ socio-economic conditions took a major place on the agenda of the intergovernmental organisations, most of all
operates in the most public of all public worlds, that of nation states and intergovernmental organisations. Thus the UN Charter makes the (public) province of international law distinct from the (private) sphere of domestic jurisdiction; 46 the acquisition of statehood or international personality confers ‘public’ status on an entity with consequences for jurisdiction, representation and ownership
investiture and use of its authority is far more complex than is the case with an organization like the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail. 53 However, the WTO has little authority to engage in action, make recommendations or even communicate without member states’ approval. 54 The International Labour Organization’s (ILO) constitution similarly keeps authority with member states, and its structure leaves little doubt as to whether any authority actually “transfers” to the organization
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail, the International Finance Corporation, the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the IMF, representing just some examples of whose constitutions mention equality. However, each organization’s constitution imbues a different meaning to equality. Some value equality between persons, others between groups (like groups differing in gender) and nations, and most of these constitutions place
‘juridical personification’ of the Roman Catholic Church. 62 It is a full member of some UN specialised agencies and some European intergovernmental organisations. 63 The Holy See receives and sends diplomatic representatives to other states. It can enter into treaties, address the UN General Assembly and participate as an associate member of the UN on the same basis as state delegations in UN
(1) will be a regional fisheries management organisation (RFMO) or arrangement (RFMA) (art. 8(1)). The Agreement does not define an RFMO, but it is widely understood to mean an international intergovernmental organisation (in the usual sense of that term in international law) that has the competence to adopt measures regulating fishing that are binding upon its member States and whose geographical scope is