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3835 Understanding Chinese:Layout 1 12/7/12 11:05 Page 66 3 The state apparatus and centre-local relations The efficiency and legitimacy of the government of the PRC are ever more bound together as the CCP increasingly justifies its monopoly of power by the material conditions of the people. Of course, social stability remains a key goal but, like many other governments of developing states, the Chinese ruling élite has to meet rising expectation from a population increasingly attuned to economic growth. The institutions of government have, therefore, been
focus on social forces and pressures that impact on the UN’s organisational change. 9 The notion of ‘historical structures’, as we shall demonstrate below, provides a particularly promising avenue to investigate the normative connection between the UN and intra-state conflicts. While this notion is utilised by Knight to explore possibilities, potentials and prospects in the evolution of multilateralism
privileges or protected them from competition. Others noted the historical experience of Byzantium, Ottoman rule, and state dominance in Russia and the USSR which rendered the Church defensive, concerned above all with survival rather than theological and social thought. In addition, in those countries where Orthodoxy has been the dominant tradition, there has been limited experience of democratic governance until very recently. In his book on the ‘third wave’, Samuel Huntington had very little to say about Orthodoxy, beyond the vague suggestion
7 The recognition of the modern Turkish state Although Mustafa Kemal asserted himself as the only leader of the Turkish national movement, he was under threat from Islamist Enver Pasha in terms of dominating the national movement. Moreover, the Allies did not acknowledge Kemal’s leadership until the first serious defeat of the Armenians in December 1920. For instance, the CUP was still regarded as the major political power in Turkey in the British Secret Intelligence Services’ report of December 1920. A British policy based on increasing the rivalry between
Survivors of the Magdalene Laundries are unique, outsider, legal subjects. Scholars recognise them as wrongfully criminalised, as excluded from the constitutional family, 3 and as protagonists in emergent transitional justice mechanisms. 4 In this chapter, I think about the Magdalene survivor as an overlooked subject of contract law. 5 I examine two contractual artefacts: the state's past contracts with religious orders who
’ should not be discounted when seeking to explain this, some features of the twentieth-century American experience make up an important part of the story. In particular, the structural characteristics of the contemporary American state, and the ways in which these are perceived and understood by large numbers of people, particularly within the white population, add to and build upon long-held resentments about the legitimate place and efficacy of government. 2 While such structural characteristics cannot in themselves explain why the Trump campaign took off and gained
Introduction For a state that regards itself as the intellectual heir to the French Revolution it is unsurprising that the ideas of ‘terror’ and ‘terrorism’ remain central to the controversies surrounding the nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 1 From an American perspective, the seizure of the US embassy on 4 November 1979 transformed Iran from an intimate ally into the leading ‘state sponsor’ of terrorism; an appellation that even the thaw in relations under the Obama administration has done little to change. 2 The revolutionary state
4 Offences against the state, 1970–72 The southern state’s tried and tested response to subversion had always been emergency law. Internment, military courts and restrictions on the press had all been implemented during the Civil War, the Emergency and the IRA’s 1956–62 campaign.1 But the situation after 1969 was unfamiliar. The emotional upsurge that accompanied the outbreak of conflict in the North made security measures against republicans problematic. During 1969 and again in 1972, plans to introduce repressive laws were stymied by public solidarity with
5 The narrative of the Anglo-American State Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to outline the fourth and final narrative identified by this study, that of Ireland as an Anglo-American State. This narrative looks to the English-speaking world as being Ireland’s natural political and cultural hinterland. It also encapsulates a more radical challenge to nationalism than that offered by the narrative of European Republic.Whereas that narrative sees nationalism as being transformed within a co-operative pan-European political project, the narrative of the
4 Institutionalisation, the State and the NSPCC Introduction The State shall endeavour to ensure that the strength and health of men and women, and the tender age of children shall not be abused and that citizens shall not be forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their sex, age or strength. (Article 45.4, Bunreacht na hÉireann) One of the principal themes addressed in this book is the use of institutionalisation by the State to deal with children whose parents were unable, or deemed unable, to care for them. Institutionalising children