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. 6 The Washington Group on Disability Statistics (New York, 4–6 June 2001) has developed both short and extended sets of standard functioning questions. 7 This phrase was coined by Patel et al. (2018) . 8 Differential exposure results from increased low-paid frontline work (e.g. in
have. This is not a problem until a situation arises which presents an existential threat and a paradigm shift is required purely for survival, which was of course the rationale that the original ALNAP study gave for innovation. This rationale draws on the idea of creative destruction, the phrase coined by Joseph Schumpeter to describe how the ‘fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production or transportation
bodies. The term ‘celebrity humanitarianism’ was coined to recognise the expanding ambit for celebritised forms of global humanitarian and charity work, though the phenomenon has accompanied humanitarianism from its early days ( Richey, 2016a ). The historical roots of Affleck’s twenty-first-century celebrity humanitarianism to ‘save’ the Congo can be traced back to Victorian-era work on behalf of overseas causes by E. D. Morel 3 and his countrymen ( Brockington, 2014
museums therefore resembled what Angela Jannelli has called ‘wild museums’ ( Jannelli, 2012 ; Thiemeyer, 2018 : 95): They were stuffed with a dizzying wealth of objects, ranging from coins to medical equipment, often presented along pragmatic lines and without regard for newer museum concepts or a contextualizing storyline. Some museums also presented typical sceneries of Red Cross work, for example by showing the life-size doll of a Red Cross nurse in
commitment to producing more ‘positive’ images played out in ad campaigns by the British NGO Christian Aid in the 1990s. Although positive images are preferable to negative ones, Lidchi argues that they are also two sides of the same coin, one that leaves unchallenged the basic question of whether ‘a realist, or documentary mode, of representation’ (292) is most apt since it ‘prevents new modes of representation from emerging’ (284). Focusing on the ethical
Data-informed advocacy is a familiar occurrence in humanitarian circles. Powers showed how activism and information provision were conceptualised as two sides of the same coin. Activism was considered a guiding value in their information production function, while information was perceived ‘as a key component of successful advocacy’ ( Powers, 2016 : 411). In Redfield’s study of MSF, he describes this practice as ‘an overtly motivated form of scientific research, finding
an assemblage. 3 I borrow this concept from the philosophers Deleuze and Guattari as they coined it in A Thousand Plateaus ( 2004 ). They introduce the concept of agencement that is generally translated as assemblage in English to capture the intricate interplay of agency and structure, contingency and structuration, change and organisation. 4 Important is the fact that ‘assemblages select elements from the milieus (the surroundings, the context, the mediums) in which the assemblages work’ ( Macgregor Wise, 2005 : 78). Therefore, it is needed to
The authors investigate the timing of insurgents’ use of terrorism within the context of wider-scale warfare. Unlike the great wars found in modern history, the dominant form of warfare in recent years has become internal. The main actors are non-state groups seeking to replace an existing political order through violent means. Terrorism, especially indiscriminate attacks on unarmed civilians, has been an important component of these groups’ tactical repertoires. The purpose of this study is to explore variations in the timing of insurgents’ use of terrorism within the context of war. The authors draw on the largely separate literatures on terrorism and warfare as well as complementary sources of data on terrorist events, insurgent groups, and various forms of armed conflict. The product of this analysis is a mapping of the frequencies of terrorist attacks over time and the identification of these attacks as occurring during the beginning, middle, or ending stages of wider-scale warfare. This is followed by in-depth discussions of the insurgent groups whose use of terrorism matches each of these patterns as well as the contexts within which these groups operate. Readers of this book will include students, scholars, policy-makers, members of the military, and the general public.
8 Resource conflict and the environment Resource conflict and environmental degradation are in reality two-sides of the same security challenge coin. Both address the issue of natural resource abundance and scarcity and how societies deal with these problems and their implications, but from vastly different perspectives. While the first addresses access and control of existing natural resources, the second addresses the environmental impact of the misuse of or declining resources. Regardless of the perspective, both present a serious threat to African peace and
In the latter half of the twentieth century, the term ‘common heritage of mankind’ was coined as a promise to the international community, stipulating that all states would benefit equally from the areas that fell within its scope. The regime grew to encompass the deep seabed among other areas that lay beyond the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state. The deep seabed