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supporting gender discrimination and unequal treatment, rejecting their content, as the examples below illustrate. To fill the normative void, their campaigns promote a new normative framework based on the combined norms of citizenship equality, inclusion, and anti-discrimination, thereby legitimising the equal treatment of women. Although these norms in and of themselves cannot be
and their inclusion as citizens of the revolutionary French Republic in 1794 represented a historic triumph of Enlightenment principles over slavery, colonialism, and nascent racial ideology. But while it may be appealing to view the Haitian revolutionaries as early champions of a kind of democratic, Western liberalism,these categories do not easily fit the social realities of early Haiti: a society characterized by caudillismo, marronage, and class conflict over forced labour. To be sure, ideologies of liberty, republicanism, citizenship, equality, and ‘resistance