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Athletes start the century as normal, healthy citizens, and end up as potentially unhealthy physiological 'freaks', while the general public are increasingly urged to do more exercise and play more sports. This book offers a comprehensive study, and social history, of the development of sports medicine in Britain, as practiced by British doctors and on British athletes in national and international settings. It describes how and why, in Britain, medicine applied to sport became first an area of expertise known as sports medicine, and then a formal medical specialty: Sport and Exercise Medicine. In the late nineteenth century, vigorous exercise was an acceptable, probably necessary, part of the moderate healthy lifestyle for the normal, healthy man. Consequently sports medicine was part and parcel of normal medical treatment, distinguishable only through its location or through its patient history. There was no wide-spread de facto scepticism about the value of vigorous exercise among physicians and scientists. The normality of the young male athlete is reconsidered between 1928 and 1952. At the end of the period, the athlete becomes an abnormal or supernormal human being who demands specialist medical interventions. The formation and work of British Association of Sport and (Exercise) Medicine, the Institute of Sports Medicine, the Sports Council, and the British Olympic Association's Medical Committee is discussed. The book finally discusses fitness. Normal life, war, elite competition gives us an insight into how athletic bodies are conceptualised, and how sports medicine has formed and reformed over a century.
during the early Cold War? Was there something particular about Eastern European states that made this region especially fitting or receptive to mass trials and vaccination campaigns that then had a global effect? This chapter aims to get to the heart of this matter by examining Eastern European experiences with polio in the 1950s and early 1960s. Two states played a particularly important part in the history of the Sabin
world – including into Soviet-aligned Europe. This, however, left East German health officials in a quandary. How should a distinctly socialist response to HIV/AIDS be conceived? The GDR had long sought the Cold War moral high ground where LGBTQ rights were concerned, and it was important for East German leaders to be seen opposing religious bigotry. 10 At the same time, the notion of delegating
follows a direction set by three important recent works on psychoanalysis, and its relationship to broader social, political and cultural histories, by Dagmar Herzog, Michal Shapira and Camille Robcis, respectively. Herzog’s Cold War Freud (2017) emphasises the plasticity and multiplicity of Cold War-era psychoanalysis, showing how, while turning inwards and towards sexual conservatism in the postwar United States, it enjoyed a ‘second golden age’ in Europe, impacting on a range of fields from the German legal approach to
The years between 1939 and 1953 were ones of enormous upheaval in France. Following the destructive and divisive experience of war, occupation and liberation, by the early 1950s the country was rapidly modernising its economy, while caught up in Cold War geopolitics and fighting to retain its empire. Women had become full citizens, a baby boom was under way and the defeat and moral debasement of the Vichy regime had left the extreme Right discredited. While the 1950s remained an age of social conservatism, signs
control by which some births are restricted and others encouraged’ (Connelly, 2008 : 103). Anandhi points out that several political groups articulated the opposition between ‘desexualised’ reproductive bodies as the ideal norm of ‘respectable’ female sexuality and ‘sexual bodies’ as representing ‘immoral’ and ‘disreputable’ sexuality (Anandhi, 1998 : 145). In the cold war period, the international community began to see former colonies, in particular India and communist China, as geopolitical threats. The idea of low-income women's reproduction as
, 1947–1952 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); William C. Cromwell, ‘The Marshall Plan, Britain and the Cold War’, Review of International Studies , 8:4 (1982), 233–49; Rhiannon Vickers, Manipulating Hegemony: State Power, Labour and the Marshall Plan in Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000). 45
1 The uneasy politics of epidemic aid: the CDC's mission to Cold War East Pakistan, 1958 Paul Greenough Epidemic outbreaks, political struggle, civil society response Historians warn against narratives in which actors are spared the dilemmas of chance and choice. No doubt prolepsis, anachronism and teleology should be avoided, but I find it difficult to tell a story
twenty-first-century political milestones like colonial nationalism, decolonisation, the Cold War, the rise of economic neo-liberalism and recent geo-political shifts. This collection gives a comparative overview of immunisation at different times in widely different parts of the world and under different types of political regime. Five of the chapters are set in the last fifty years. 3 Four others pay particular attention to the development and
, one may recall the classic 2006 paper by Brown, Cueto and Fee from their project on the history of the World Health Organization (WHO) (Brown et al., 2006 ). In their paper global health is – to a large extent – a political phenomenon placed in the context of geopolitics, development strategies and rivalry between international organizations. Focusing on the WHO and the United Nations (UN) system of intergovernmental democracy, they point to the intimate relationship that international public health maintained with the Cold War. Other authors like Birn ( 2009