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states remain the ‘master of the treaties’, their capacity to shape political outcomes might be undermined by the autonomous activity of bureaucratic organisations. Let us begin by examining the early years of European foreign policy: European Political Cooperation. Looking back to the origins: the institutionalisation of EPC The establishment of EPC, launched
integration to European politics and societies. A specific feature of the Franco-German relationship is the historical continuity of enmity and war. Rivalry dates back to the division of Charlemagne’s Carolingian Empire in the early ninth century and the creation of the contested middle realm of Lorraine. Later the Treaty of Westphalia gave France limited control over Alsace and
direct EC competences. 5 The resolutions were at odds with the foundational premise that the domestic politics of the member states remained outside political discussion at the EC level. Such instruments had a limited impact as they failed to engage a process of political coordination reserved for the mechanism of European Political Cooperation at the time. 6 The EP was at the origin of an EC policy process on the
international and specifically European politics the Cold War in this volume is regarded as extending from the breakdown of post-War Soviet–Allied cooperation (roughly in 1946–47) to the years 1989–91 when the essential features of Cold War rivalry were dismantled. 6 J.L. Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold
events of 11 September 2001 prompted a reconsideration of norms and rules for action. In the USA, a number of the rules of international conduct were henceforth ignored. The US administration claimed that the USA was at war. In Europe, political leaders also had to adjust to the fact that a largely unknown enemy with an extraordinary capacity to create chaos now threatened traditional states and their
establishment of European Political Cooperation (EPC) in the late 1960s. Two conclusions can be deduced from this account. First, CFSP institutionalisation has increased over time as shown by the establishment and development of bureaucratic organisations, formal rules and the informal norms shared among policymakers. Second, CFSP institutionalisation has developed by default rather than design. In this regard
scenarios serves to provide clues about the future event. In the City of Sunderland’s joint response exercise, the introductory preamble contained a vague reference to ‘East European political issues’ – which was later revealed to be a crucial detail once the exercise focused upon a lorry carrying chemicals that was found to have Polish registration (Aradau and Van Munster 2012 ). The explorations of
great France and a spiritually great Germany. Winston Churchill 1 European integration as a peace project The proposition that European integration may be historically relevant to conflict resolution is not new. Integration is inseparable from the intellectual traditions of European political thought in search of new
figures in the ÖVP claiming that amendments to the Austrian constitution in 1998 to allow participation in peacekeeping operations mean that neutrality is flexible in interpretation and would permit mutual guarantees. A survey conducted by the Austrian Society for European Politics found in February 2004 that 75 per cent favoured an EU army ( EU Observer , 20/02/04). In Finland
early 1980s, these years witnessed the accession of Spain and Portugal (in January 1986), the entry into force (in July 1987) of the Single European Act with its target of a single European market by 1992, and the initiation in December 1990 of intergovernmental conferences on Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and European Political Union (EPU). This period was capped in December 1991 by agreement at Maastricht on a