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international criminal court in the 1960s. P. Marquardt, ‘Law without borders: the constitutionality of an international criminal court’, Columbia J Transnat’l Law, 33 (1995), 73–148, p. 87, comments on the work of academics in the 1970s. B. Graefrath, ‘Universal criminal jurisdiction and an international criminal court’, EJIL, 1 (1990), 67–88, p. 71, comments on the work of NGOs in the 1970s. 7 General Assembly Resolution (GA Res.) 3314 (XXIX), 14 December 1974. 8 See the 1996 ILC Draft Code. 9 M
más’: The Report of the Argentine National Commission on the Disappeared (CONADEP), 1984, Recommendations and Conclusions, available at: < http://www.nuncamas.org/index2.htm >, and see ‘Guatemala: memory of silence’, Commission for Historical Clarification, Conclusions and Recommendations, para. 89, available at: < http://hrdata.aaas.org/ceh/report/english/toc.html >. 358 General Assembly Resolution (GA Res.) 47/133, 18 December 1992, and see R. Brody and F. González, ‘ Nunca más: an analysis of international instruments on “disappearances”’, HRQ, 19 (1997), 365
This chapter discusses Article 8(2)(b) of the Rome Statute. It covers the origins and development of Article 8(2)(b)(i) Attacking civilians; Article 8(2)(b)(ii) Attacking civilian objects; Article 8(2)(b)(iii) Attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission; Article 8(2)(b)(iv) Excessive incidental death, injury or damage; Article 8(2)(b)(v) Attacking undefended places; Article 8(2)(b)(vi) Killing or wounding a person hors de combat; Article 8(2)(b)(vii) Improper use of a flag of truce, of the flag or of the insignia and uniform of the enemy or of the United Nations, as well as of the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions; Article 8(2)(b)(viii) Deportation or transfer of population; Article 8(2)(b)(ix) Attacking protected objects; Article 8(2)(b)(x) Mutilation or medical or scientific experimentation; Article 8(2)(b)(xi) Treacherously killing or wounding; Article 8(2)(b)(xii) Denying quarter; Article 8(2)(b)(xiii) Destroying or seizing the enemy's property; Article 8(2)(b)(xiv) Depriving nationals of the hostile party of rights or actions; Article 8(2)(b)(xv) Compelling participation in enemy military operations; Article 8(2)(b)(xvi) Pillaging; Article 8(2)(b)(xvii) Employing poison or poisoned weapons; Article 8(2)(b)(xviii) Employing prohibited gases, liquids, materials or devices; Article 8(2)(b)(xix) The use of expanding bullets; Article 8(2)(b)(xx) Employing weapons, projectiles or materials or methods of warfare to be listed in an annex to the Statute; Article 8(2)(b)(xxi) Committing outrages upon personal dignity; Article 8(2)(b)(xxii) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilisation, or sexual violence; Article 8(2)(b)(xxiii) Using protected persons as shields; Article 8(2)(b)(xxiv) Attacking objects or persons using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions; Article 8(2)(b)(xxv) Starvation as a method of warfare; and Article 8(2)(b)(xxvi) Using, conscripting or enlisting children.