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the South African Parliament was followed in quick succession on 21 March 1960 by the massacre of protesting Africans at Sharpeville, the Langa uprisings, the declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of the ANC and Pan African Congress (PAC) which resulted in international condemnation. For the first time, Britain condemned apartheid at the UN. In fulfilment of Prime Minister Verwoerd
–1960: Nationalism, Pan-Africanism and Communism (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998), p. 3. 15 Stockwell, The British End , p. 127. See also Perraton, A History of Foreign Students , p. 105. 16
divergent paths of ‘colonial legacies’ debates in different Anglophone spheres, plus the corresponding renaissance of pan-European, pan-African and near-global ones, are themselves further evidence of a ‘break-up of Greater Britain’. Thus, for example, Australia’s ‘history wars’, since their initiation by Keith Windschuttle around 2000, developed mostly in isolation from any other, potentially partly
worked for’, and that this process was ‘neither mutually exclusive nor fundamentally contradictory’ with more local (or indeed pan-African) identifications and affinities. 48 But while individuals had no difficulty reconciling their Britishness with other cultural affiliations, the middle-class embrace of a shared British respectability invariably entailed a certain distancing