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region. The federation would provide a structure to safeguard citizens against corruption and political manipulation. In addition, Lewis believed that this bloc would provide access to a supply of labour for national public services and greater leverage when accessing international financial aid. In many ways, this model had some resemblance to the federal arrangement that Lewis had proposed for West Africa in the 1950s. However, in 1961 Jamaica held a referendum in which the majority voted against remaining in the West Indies Federation. This was the beginning of the