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practices, especially when dealing with refugee children in war. Before 1945, humanitarians worked within organisations such as the Save the Children Fund, the Foster Parents Plan (PLAN), the League of Nations, Near East Relief, and the International Social Service (ISS). Many of these organisations continued after 1945, but new ones also emerged, including the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF
humanitarian relief … from the overtly politicised development and medical aid, whose goal was to shape long-term postcolonial state-building projects’. 21 This ‘global regime’ was also reflected in the foundation in Australia of the Volunteer Graduate Scheme (1951), activism around World Refugee Year (1959) and the founding of Freedom from Hunger (1960). The Volunteer Graduate Scheme, chronicled in this volume by
expertise in contested regions. The global conditions at the end of World War I, including the mass displacement of refugees on an unprecedented scale, the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing, food shortages and famines, and health crises including the influenza pandemic of 1918–19, increasingly gave rise to international, state-directed, secular and institutionalised humanitarian aid efforts. 68 The scale and gravity of post-war conditions
Repatriation, as a process and as a practice, has become increasingly familiar in recent decades, both as a general topic of discussion in the media and as an academic research area. In the United Kingdom, for instance, among the aspects which have become prominent have been the complex of problems – practical, financial, ethical – surrounding refugees and displaced populations; the situation of illegal and/or clandestine migrants; calls for the repatriation of ancestral human remains (but also artefacts) from, for example, museum collections
papers from the German Foreign Office Archive, as well as memoirs written by deportees. 66 See the relevant contributions to Panikos Panayi and Pippa Virdee (eds), Refugees and the End of Empire: Imperial Collapse and Forced Migration during the Twentieth Century (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); and Panikos Panayi, ‘Minorities at the death of the continental European empires, 1918–23’, in Bartosz Dziewanowski-Stefanczyk (ed
getting political attention. Sychnecta and Trosoghroga were probably central to the momentum behind their journey to Britain. Second, Lawrence Blessius was probably a descendant of Palatine refugees at Canajoharie and an associate of another more famous Canajoharie Palatine, George Klock. Klock was well known to British officials for making fraudulent claims to Indian lands. In 1764 one British official
, Refugees and Relief, 1914–1929 (New York, UK: Peter Lang, 2009). 21 Oppenheimer and Collins, Henry Pomeroy Davison , p. 57. 22 B. B. Scher, ‘Alice and Her Wonderlands’, American Journal of Nursing (June 1961), 61 (6), p. 74
. Taken together, these developments produced a growing official, commercial, trading and banking community which was soon to have its stability shaken by political events. The prosperity of the Russian community became unsettled by the dispersion of Russians from their homeland following the October revolution and Civil Wars. Refugees began arriving in Shanghai by train, and even on foot, and by ship, most of them in destitute condition. White Russian military forces arrived still armed and on whatever ships they could arrange
1938 did the Review state it would not print pro-Nazi letters. 32 Yet considering the pervasiveness of racial ideologies and notions of inherent difference and superiority, it is not entirely surprising that ideologies of the Herrenvolk appealed to a layer of white workers. Opposition to fascism seems to have come out of the recognition of the anti-working-class and anti-democratic basis of fascism as well as nationalist feeling towards Britain, rather than outright hostility to the racial element of Nazism. Allies, enemies and refugees: non-British whites
career. It is tempting to think that – Polish and Jewish – their existence on the edges of the greater British academic world fostered their sympathy for those who, because of the colour of their skin, were excluded from it. Refugee scholars While American encroachment opened up new vistas for British and settler academics, the challenges to the British