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Constitution, was passed by 58 per cent of those who voted. It was not until 1993 that the Criminal Fraud (Sexual Offences) Act decriminalised homosexuality. A number FANNING 9781784993221 PRINT.indd 179 19/01/2016 13:25 180 Irish adventures in nation-building of European Social Surveys conducted between 2002 and 2009 found that more than 55 per cent of Irish Catholics either agreed or strongly agreed that gays and lesbians should be free to live life as they wished.30 In 2010 a Civil Partnership Act was passed. In 2011 the first openly gay TDs were elected to the Dáil
with that, and which involves preliminary negotiations for a price’. Under Act 23 of the Sexual Offences Act (SOA) of 1957, sex work is fully criminalised in South Africa. This act is a remnant of the apartheid regime’s Immorality Act of 1927, which criminalised sexual interactions across racial lines, specifically prohibiting sex between Black (African, Indian and Coloured) and White (Afrikaner and European) people. In 2007, the law was amended to include the purchasing of sex 2 – until then, only the
, including the Domestic Violence Bill 2017 and the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2017, which supplement existing legislation and fulfil some of the obligations under the Directive. However, the primary piece of legislation in this regard is the Criminal Justice (Victims of Crime) Act 2017, the long title of which identifies it as ‘an act to give effect to provisions of Directive 2012/29/EU … establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime’. This Act therefore purports to fulfil Ireland's obligations under the Directive, yet it
domestic violence legislation such as barring and safety orders and hearings relating to breaches of these orders. As regards participation , a notable feature of the Bill is the introduction of victim impact statements for all victims who have suffered harm directly caused by an offence. Previously, such a provision applied to only a limited number of offences. The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2017 increases protection for victims of sexual offences in a number of significant ways. Perhaps most notably, the Act introduces a procedure for regulating the
relationships in 1977. The different Republics’ penal codes had different wordings and age limits –for instance, in Slovenia the age of fourteen was taken as the minimum age of consent, while in Croatia it was eighteen. See: Dean Vuletic, ‘Gay i lezbijska povijest Hrvatske od Drugog svjetskog rata do 1990’, Gordogan 1:45 (2003), 104– 23. For comparison, homosexuality in England was decriminalised by the Sexual Offences Act 1967 (both men had to have attained the age of twenty-one), while in Scotland it was decriminalised in 1980 and in Northern Ireland in 1982. In the