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effect to the provision on carrier sanctions in the Schengen Implementing Convention.187 It has chosen to participate in all readmission agreements concluded with non-EU states. Since the 2002 Seville Council, cooperation with these countries has increased rapidly due to its prioritisation of controlling irregularised migration.188 Though not covered by the opt-out, Britain has been involved in schemes such as IMMPACT I and II with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, Project MARRI (the Migration, Asylum, Refugees Regional Initiative), a part of the Stability
stable non-EU countries to which irregular migrants can be returned, even if they merely passed through such countries en route to Europe. 139 Europe’s externalization policy creates a “ring of protection” outside the European Union. It involves a “close partnership” with non-EU states from near and far through programs such as the Neighborhood Policy, Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, the Balkan Stability Pact, the Africa–EU Partnership, the Valletta Action Plan, the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility, and so on. These policies are designed to enforce migration