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Charles, to whose service I adhered faithfully, did enough for me [in that regard] with Sergius and afterwards with his successor Leo; but later, inspired by God, he repented, and sent letters addressed to the apostolic see, in which he took care to correct his fault. 1 In hindsight, therefore, Hincmar recalled his relationship with Lothar as one of imperial recalcitrance, caused by Lothar’s disputes with his brother, the ruler of West Francia, followed by satisfactory imperial amendment. The Treaty of Verdun in 843
Charlemagne in 814. The inability of the later Carolingians to revive the centralized political structure of Charlemagne’s reign put them at risk of deposition by ambitious and treacherous nobles, and, thus, the claims of legitimacy and sacrality afforded them a claim to rule, seemingly in spite of their inability to do so. Through the Treaty of Verdun (843), Charles the Bald inherited the Western Frankish Kingdom, his two surviving brothers gaining the remainder of the Carolingian territory. The early years of his reign were reasonably peaceful
before fleeing again. The legitimacy of the ordination of ‘Ebbo’s clerics’ remained a problem for Hincmar for decades to come. 33 Secondly, the division of the empire into three by the Treaty of Verdun in 843 meant that the province of Rheims now lay across a border: the majority of it was in West Francia (held by Charles the Bald), but part of it, including the whole diocese of Cambrai, lay within Lothar’s Middle Kingdom. 34 There was also property belonging to the church of Rheims in East Francia (held by Louis the German) and in Aquitaine, which Pippin II still
, although at the end of his life, in 814, his son Louis was the only survivor and succeeded his father as ruler of the empire. Family conflict erupted in the rebellions of Louis’s three older sons, particularly after the allocation of territory to Charles the Bald, Louis’s six-year-old son by his second wife, Judith, in 829. 13 Following Louis’s death, in 840, the Treaty of Verdun split the Frankish Empire into three major parts: in 843 Charles the Bald was allocated the west, Louis the German the territories east of the Rhine and Lothar a Middle Kingdom; in 855 this