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in the digital data economy’ ( Lupton, 2016: 117 ). Important gender implications arise from how surveillance technologies focused on bodies and personal lives intersect with identity-based discrimination, particularly gender-based violence, such as stalking or honour killing, and societal power-relation constructs ( Woodlock, 2017 ). The intensification of surveillance by self-tracking devices is significant, and, following Ruckenstein and Schüll (2017) , it is useful to adapt
services for and with displaced persons across the world since 2015’ ( Techfugees, 2022 ). The Digitalisation of Humanitarian Services More broadly, the humanitarian sector has digitalised many of its services, such as WFP’s transition to electronic vouchers and the longstanding use of biometrics in refugee registration. UNHCR has, for instance, been involved with digital data through biometric data collection. It has used identity technology