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later stages of his reign. Two further chapters discuss and present material relevant to Edward’s foreign policy and military campaigns. Fears over Scottish incursion in the northern Marches and the pressing need to organise military campaigns against Robert Bruce are issues of major importance during the first fifteen years of the reign; the campaigns and the later attempts to secure truces and
1370s saw the war with France, in which Edward III had enjoyed such conspicuous success for much of his reign, turn decisively against the English, and failure abroad brought in its wake a renewal of political discord and government insolvency at home. These problems were to haunt Richard during his minority. Disagreements over foreign policy, chronic financial instability, and the intensification of parliamentary
1390 A three-year truce with France was agreed at Leulinghem in June 1389; it was not allowed to expire but extended by stages to 1396. The absence of warfare allowed serious negotiation towards a permanent peace. Richard’s foreign policy presents problems: chroniclers, even Westminster (the best-informed), have comparatively little to say on the subject; a chronology must be
endowment he had always longed for [119] . 117. The earl of Arundel’s expedition, 10 June–2 September Control of the government gave the Appellants direction of foreign policy, but their attempts to inject more aggression into the French war were unsuccessful, for, despite enthusiastic ‘spin’ by both Walsingham and Westminster, 74
background to Richard’s imperial aspirations, see D. M. Bueno de Mesquita, ‘The Foreign Policy of Richard II in 1397: Some Italian Letters’, EHR ( 1941 ), 628-37. Master Hugh de Hervorst, ambassador of the archbishop of Cologne, was in England in the summer of 1397 ( CCR, 1396-9 , 148), and in April 1399 the dean of Cologne, Tilmann de Smalenborg, was
Urban VI as the legitimate pope The decision to give English loyalty to the Roman pope, Urban VI, after the election of a rival, Clement VII (the Avignon pope) on 20 September 1378, formed English foreign policy for the rest of the reign. Indeed, the way the secular powers of Europe lined up behind the rival pontiffs dominated international relations until the schism was ended in 1417. With France