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Introduction The first thing to say about liberal order is that it hasn’t been that liberal. Since the Second World War, the production of subjects obeisant to the rule of liberal institutions has depended on illiberal and authoritarian methods – not least on the periphery of the world system, where conversion to Western reason has been pursued with particularly millenarian zeal, and violence. The wishful idea of an ever more open and global market economy has been continuously undermined by its champions, with their subsidies
crises. Resistance aside for now, what’s often left out of this narrative is precisely how the organisation of violence takes considered financial and material investment to ensure its sustainability over time. Indeed, the very idea of a liberal peace that emerged through this progressive account of human cohabitation proved to be a complete misnomer, as it wilfully and violently destroyed illiberal forms of planetary life. Violence is the Result of Difference The idea of racial violence is part of a broader schematic that connects to competing claims to
challenged. The ground gained by so called ‘illiberal democracy’ is prodigious, not merely in terms of the number of countries where illiberal politics is alive and thriving, many of which are in the West (the US, much of the EU, the UK) but in terms of the creeping legitimacy that attends right-wing solutions to ongoing social and political problems. This is nowhere truer than in the major new power in the international system, China, where a version of state-controlled capitalism co-exists alongside a principled rejection of liberalism. The
note 30 at 8–14. 101 E.g. Elźbieta Korolczuk and Agnieszka Graff , ‘ Gender as “Ebola from Brussels”: the anticolonial frame and the rise of illiberal populism ’, 43 Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
. Nonetheless the College persisted in its narrow interpretation of physic limiting their personal practice and entrenching artificial distinctions between physic and surgery. In 1687 the Royal College of Physicians (as it now styled itself) barred any surgeon, drug compounder or ‘any other artificer’ from candidacy to the College. The exercise of ‘any illiberal art’ was seen as prejudicial to the dignity
Italian Law on Assisted Reproduction’ (2006) 14 Medical Law Review 73. Though see Costa and Pavan v Italy Application No 54270/2010 (ECHR, 28 August 2012), discussed in S Biondi, ‘Access to Medical-Assisted Reproduction and PGD in Italian Law: A Deadly Blow to an Illiberal Statute? (2013) 21(3) Medical Law Review 474. 16 SH v Austria , Application No 57813/00 (ECHR 2011) discussed in S McGuinness, ‘Health, Human Rights and the Regulation of Reproductive Technologies in SH and Others v Austria’ (2013) 21(1) Medical Law Review 146. 17 An excellent introductory